In 2005, James McCosh Elementary School in Chicago, where Till had been a student, was renamed the "Emmett Louis Till Math And Science Academy". It really speaks to history, it shows what black people went through in those days. They also said that the prosecution had not proved that Till had died, nor that it was his body that was removed from the river. For instance, Mose Wright (a witness to the kidnapping) said that the kidnappers mentioned only "talk" at the store, and Sheriff George Smith only spoke of the arrested killers accusing Till of "ugly remarks". Wright said "I think [Emmett] wanted to get a laugh out of us or something," adding, "He was always joking around, and it was hard to tell when he was serious." I stood there in that shed and listened to that nigger throw that poison at me, and I just made up my mind. And again. BEST!~EXPRES*Movies.4K-How to watch Till FULL Movie Online Free? [45][79] Leflore County Deputy Sheriff John Cothran stated, "The white people around here feel pretty mad about the way that poor little boy was treated, and they won't stand for this. The text had been given to the University of North Carolina to privately hold until 2036. It may have been the first time in the South that a black man had testified to the guilt of a white man in courtand lived. According to some witnesses, they took Till back to Bryant's Groceries and recruited two black men. A. Rayner Funeral Home in Chicago received Till's body. We state candidly and with deep regret the failure to effectively pursue justice. A grand jury in Leflore County, Mississippi, declined to indict Carolyn Bryant Donham, a white woman whose accusations led to the lynching of Emmett Till nearly 70 years ago. [102] A reporter who covered the trial for the New Orleans Times-Picayune said it was "the most dramatic thing I saw in my career". (Whitfield, p. "[80], Soon, however, discourse about Till's murder became more complex. I'm likely to kill him. WebEmmett Till: The Murder That Shocked the World and Propelled the Civil Rights Movement. A replacement sign received more than 100 bullet holes over the next few years. Before 1954, 265 black people were registered to vote in three Delta counties, where they were a majority of the population. WebEmmett Till Thesis. [77] A doctor did not examine Till post-mortem. [21] He assured her he understood. He and his cousins and friends pulled pranks on each other (Emmett once took advantage of an extended car ride when his friend fell asleep and placed the friend's underwear on his head), and they also spent their free time in pickup baseball games. He was hopeless. [88], Following Roy Wilkins' comments, white opinion began to shift. Neither attorney had heard their clients' accounts of the murder before. The pair of men told Huie they were sober, yet reported years later that they had been drinking. Over the years, Milam was tried for offenses including assault and battery, writing bad checks, and using a stolen credit card. [110] Reed, who later changed his name to Willie Louis to avoid being found, continued to live in the Chicago area until his death on July 18, 2013. 176.) [163], The memoir had been prepared by Donham's daughter-in-law Marsha Bryant, who had shared the material with Timothy Tyson, with the understanding that Tyson would edit the memoir. Although local newspapers and law enforcement officials initially decried the violence against Till and called for justice, they responded to national criticism by defending Mississippians, temporarily giving support to the killers. [22], Statistics on lynchings began to be collected in 1882. The Emmett Till Antilynching Act, an American law which makes lynching a federal hate crime, was signed into law on March 29, 2022 by President Joe Biden. This image released by Orion Pictures shows Jalyn Hall as Emmett Till, left, and Danielle Deadwyler as Mamie Till-Mobley in "Till." According to historian Stephen J. Whitfield, a specific brand of xenophobia in the South was particularly strong in Mississippi. Local newspaper editorials denounced the murderers without question. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. [49] As for the rest of what happened, the 72-year-old stated she could not remember. (Till-Bradley and Benson, p. [152][153], In June 2022, an unserved arrest warrant for Carolyn Bryant (now known as Carolyn Bryant Donham), dated August 29, 1955 and signed by the Leflore County Clerk, was discovered in a courthouse basement by members of the Emmett Till Legacy Foundation. Although it was common at the time for black people to travel south during summer vacation to visit relativs, they were all aware of the great Emmett Till was born nearly 40 years ago after the first antilynching law was introduced. [95] Press from major national newspapers attended, including black publications; black reporters were required to sit in the segregated black section and away from the white press, farther from the jury. In 2016 artist Dana Schutz painted Open Casket, a work based on photographs of Till in his coffin as well as on an account by Till's mother of seeing him after his death.[210]. Lord have mercy. ), Following the trial, Strider told a television reporter that should anyone who had sent him hate mail arrive in Mississippi, "the same thing's gonna happen to them that happened to Emmett Till". [110] The defense stated that the prosecution's theory of the events the night Till was murdered was improbable, and said the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam. Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and Illinois Governor William Stratton also became involved, urging Mississippi Governor White to see that justice was done. [209] Emmylou Harris includes a song called "My Name is Emmett Till" on her 2011 album, Hard Bargain. The defense wanted Bryant's testimony as evidence for a possible appeal in case of a conviction. [17] Usually, however, Emmett was happy. Three days later, the boy's mutilated and bloated body was discovered and retrieved from the river. Federal authorities in the 21st century worked to resolve the questions about the identity of the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River.[136]. ", "The Lesson of Emmett Till Has Been Ignored for Decades", "Emmett Till's family calls for justice after finding an unserved arrest warrant in his case", "Willie Louis dies at 76; witness to 1955 murder of Emmett Till", "Son thinks dad needs to clear conscience in Till case", "Black Bayou Bridge, Glendora Emmett Till Memory Project", "Emmett Till's Open Casket Funeral Reignited the Civil Rights Movement", "How Photos Became Icon of Civil Rights Movement", "Re-examining Emmett Till case could help separate fact, fiction", "Unique defense helped Emmett Till's killers get away with murder", "Willie Louis, Who Named the Killers of Emmett Till at Their Trial, Dies at 76", "The Brutal Murder Of Emmett Till Has Been Burned Into History. Sheriff Strider welcomed black spectators coming back from lunch with a cheerful, "Hello, Niggers! The 1987 Emmy award-winning documentary series Eyes on the Prize, begins with the murder of Emmett Till. Emmett preferred living in Chicago, so he returned there to live with his grandmother; his mother and stepfather rejoined him later that year. ), Many years later, there were allegations that Till had been castrated. [64] In a 1956 interview with Look magazine, in which they confessed to the killing, Bryant and Milam said they would have brought Till by the store in order to have Carolyn identify him, but stated they did not do so because they said Till admitted to being the one who had talked to her. A doctor from Greenwood stated on the stand that the body was too decomposed to identify, and therefore had been in the water too long for it to be Till. Many segregationists believed the ruling would lead to interracial dating and marriage. [138], In February 2007, a Leflore County grand jury, composed primarily of black jurors and empaneled by Joyce Chiles, a black prosecutor, found no credible basis for Beauchamp's claim that 14 people took part in Till's abduction and murder. [69] After hearing from Wright that he would not call the police because he feared for his life, Curtis Jones placed a call to the Leflore County sheriff, and another to his mother in Chicago. WebFamily and foundation members speak outside the Mississippi State Capitol in Jackson, Miss., Saturday, Aug. 29, 2020, prior to marching around the building commemorating the In the interview, they said they had driven what would have been 164 miles (264km) looking for a place to dispose of Till's body, to the cotton gin to obtain the fan, and back again, which the FBI noted would be impossible in the time they were witnessed having returned. [26], A week before Till arrived in Mississippi, a black activist named Lamar Smith was shot and killed in front of the county courthouse in Brookhaven for political organizing. Mamie Till Bradley and her family knew none of this, having been told only that Louis had been killed for "willful misconduct". ), The trial transcript says "There he is", although witnesses recall variations of "Dar he", "Thar he", or "Thar's the one". Beauchamp spent the next nine years producing The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till, released in 2003. We couldn't get out of there fast enough, because we had never heard of anything like that before. Till-Mobley and Benson, pp. We are just going to be resilient in continuing to put them back up and be truthful in making make sure that Emmett didn't die in vain. Now, it's bulletproof", "Emmett Till memorial sign in Mississippi is now protected by bulletproof glass", "White Supremacists Caught at Emmett Till Memorial Making Propaganda Film", "White nationalists caught trying to record video in front of Emmett Till memorial", "Till Interpretive Center Seeks to Rewrite Civil Rights Narrative", "The Emmett Till memorial where the frat students posed is gone. WebEmmett Till had been lynched, without question, but there had been no mob that did the deed and there had been no hanging. Mose Wright was called to the river to identify Till. In September 1955, an all-white jury found Bryant and Milam not guilty of Till's murder. Did author Tim Tyson lie, too? Bryant and Milam were arrested for kidnapping. [135], A 1991 book written by Stephen J. Whitfield, another by Christopher Metress in 2002, and Mamie Till-Mobley's memoirs the next year all posed questions as to who was involved in the murder and cover-up. They took him away then beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. A local neighbor also spotted "Too Tight" (Leroy Collins) at the back of the barn washing blood off the truck and noticed Till's boot. This Time, It's Bulletproof", "Historian Recalls Moment Emmett Till's Accuser Admitted She Lied", "Emmett Till case reinvestigated, but what does that really mean? According to The Nation and Newsweek, Chicago's black community was "aroused as it has not been over any similar act in recent history". According to Wright, Till did not have a photo of a white girl, and no one dared him to flirt with Bryant. [206][207] Audre Lorde's poem "Afterimages" (1981) focuses on the perspective of a black woman thinking of Carolyn Bryant 24 years after the murder and trial. I like niggersin their placeI know how to work 'em. [128], The reconstructed Ben Roy Service Station that stood next to the grocery store where Till encountered Bryant in Money, Mississippi,[230] 2019, Bryant's Grocery (2018). [106], Carolyn Bryant was allowed to testify in court, but because Judge Curtis Swango ruled in favor of the prosecution's objection that her testimony was irrelevant to Till's abduction and murder, the jury was not present. [145][146] The jury did not hear Bryant's testimony at the trial as the judge had ruled it inadmissible, but the court spectators heard. Me and my folks fought for this country, and we got some rights. Friends or parents vouched for the boy in Bryant's store, and Carolyn's companion denied that the boy Bryant and Washington seized was the one who had accosted her. The movie, Till, is the story of Mamie Till-Mobley who pursued justice after the lynching of her 14-year-old son, Emmett Till, in 1955. The day before the start of the trial, a young black man named Frank Young arrived to tell Howard he knew of two witnesses to the crime. But I just had no choice about it. [19], In 1955, Mamie Till Bradley's uncle, 64-year-old Mose Wright, visited her and Emmett in Chicago during the summer and told Emmett stories about living in the Mississippi Delta. [154][155][156] However, the district attorney declined to charge Donham, and said that there was no new evidence to reopen the case. "[96] Some visitors from the North found the court to be run with surprising informality. [129] Many of their former friends and supporters, including those who had contributed to their defense funds, cut them off. Mose Wright and a young man named Willie Reed, who testified to seeing Milam enter the shed from which screams and blows were heard, both testified in front of the grand jury. Photographs of his mutilated corpse circulated around the country, notably appearing in Jet magazine and The Chicago Defender, both black publications, generating intense public reaction. [9] Mamie Carthan was born in Tallahatchie County, where the average income per white household in 1949 was $690 (equivalent to $7,900 in 2021). Milam admitted to shooting Till and neither of them believed they were guilty or that they had done anything wrong. Emmett Till, who, in 1955, was lynched while visiting his cousins in Mississippi. 2006 FBI investigation and transcript of 1955 trial (464 pages), John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights, Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, Council for United Civil Rights Leadership, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)", List of lynching victims in the United States, Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, African American founding fathers of the United States, Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument, William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner, Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken, Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN), Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain), Historically black colleges and universities, Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC), Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), Black players in professional American football, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmett_Till&oldid=1142115627, Racially motivated violence against African Americans, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. It is an object that allows us to tell the story, to feel the pain and understand loss. [203] The same year Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird, in which a white attorney is committed to defending a black man named Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. In 2005, CBS journalist Ed Bradley aired a 60 Minutes report investigating the Till murder, part of which showed him tracking down Carolyn Bryant at her home in Greenville, Mississippi. According to Deloris Melton Gresham, whose father was killed a few months after Till, "At that time, they used to say that 'it's open season on n*****s.' Kill'em and get away with it. [52], In a report to Congress in March 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that it was reopening the investigation into Till's death due to new information. WebEmmett Louis Till was born on July 25, 1941, and died on August 28, 1955. [100], Journalist James Hicks, who worked for the black news wire service, the National Negro Publishers Association (later renamed the National Newspaper Publishers Association), was present in the courtroom; he was especially impressed that Wright stood to identify Milam, pointing to him and saying "There he is",[note 8] calling it a historic moment and one filled with "electricity". Protected against double jeopardy, the two men publicly admitted in a 1956 interview with Look magazine that they had tortured and murdered the boy, selling the story of how they did it for $4,000 (equivalent to $40,000 in 2021). [162] The full text was also posted online and can be viewed as a PDF. Wright's testimony was considered remarkably courageous. Anderson further notes that many remarks prior to Till's kidnapping made by those involved indicate that it was his remarks to Bryant that angered his killers, rather than any alleged physical harassment. (Mitchell, 2007). They pistol-whipped him on the way and reportedly knocked him unconscious. [89] Their supporters placed collection jars in stores and other public places in the Delta, eventually gathering $10,000 for the defense.[92]. They never interviewed me. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 40. His mother remembered that he did not know his own limitations at times. The 2015 song by Janelle Mone, "Hell You Talmbout", invokes the names of African-American peopleincluding Emmett Tillwho died as a result of encounters with law enforcement or racial violence. [174] The Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964 registered 63,000 black voters in a simplified process administered by the project; they formed their own political party because they were closed out of the Democratic Regulars in Mississippi. It reads: In 2008, a memorial plaque that was erected in Tallahatchie County, next to the Tallahatchie River at Graball Landing where Till's body was retrieved, was stolen and never recovered. "[44][note 2] Bryant said she freed herself, and Till said, "You needn't be afraid of me, baby",[44] used "one 'unprintable' word"[44] and said "I've been with white women before. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), pp. [167] Journalist Louis Lomax acknowledges Till's death to be the start of what he terms the "Negro revolt", and scholar Clenora Hudson-Weems characterizes Till as a "sacrificial lamb" for civil rights. The Sumner County Courthouse was restored and includes the Emmett Till Interpretive Center. The Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. acquired the casket a month later. [44] According to historian Timothy Tyson, Bryant admitted to him in a 2008 interview that her testimony during the trial that Till had made verbal and physical advances was false. Rumors of an invasion of outraged blacks and northern whites were printed throughout the state, and were taken seriously by the Leflore County Sheriff. [109], In the concluding statements, one prosecuting attorney said that what Till did was wrong, but that his action warranted a spanking, not murder. Two of them testified that they heard someone being beaten, blows, and cries. [205], Anne Moody mentioned the Till case in her autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, in which she states she first learned to hate during the fall of 1955. [20] He lived in Money, Mississippi, a small town in the Delta that consisted of three stores, a school, a post office, a cotton gin, and a few hundred residents, 8 miles (13km) north of Greenwood. Although what happened at the store is a matter of dispute, Till was accused of flirting with, touching, or whistling at Bryant. Wright stated "The Ku Klux Klan and night riders were part of our daily lives". It was one of the most successful fundraising campaigns the NAACP had ever conducted. [28] However, in his 2009 book, Till's cousin Simeon Wright, who was present, disputed the accounts of Huie and Jones. 2426. [164], In Montgomery a few months after the murder, Rosa Parks attended a rally for Till, led by Martin Luther King Jr.[169] Soon after, she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. [89] This independent attitude was profound enough in Tallahatchie County that it earned the nickname "The Freestate of Tallahatchie", according to a former sheriff, "because people here do what they damn well please", making the county often difficult to govern. [200] The casket was discolored and the interior fabric torn. He was fascinated by how quickly Mississippi whites supported Bryant and Milam. "[44][45] Bryant also alleged that one of Till's companions came into the store, grabbed him by the arm, and ordered him to leave. (, Some recollections of this part of the story relate that news of the incident traveled in both black and white communities very quickly. Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Newspaper Publishers Association, students integrating Little Rock Central High School, Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act, National Museum of African American History and Culture, The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till, Emmett Till: How She Sent Him and How She Got Him Back, "Emmett Till: US reopens investigation into killing, citing new information", "Emmett Till eyewitness dies; saw 1955 abduction of his cousin", "Emmett Till's mother opened his casket and sparked the civil rights movement", "Woman Linked to 1955 Emmett Till Murder Tells Historian Her Claims Were False", "Eleven historic places in America that desperately need saving", "Lynching is now a federal hate crime after a century of blocked efforts", "Group pushes landmark status for Emmett Till's Woodlawn home, nearby school", "A Case Study in Southern Justice: The Emmett Till Case", "The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi", "Emmett Till mystery: Who is the white girl in his photo? [118] Till's story continued to make the news for weeks following the trial, sparking debate in newspapers, among the NAACP and various high-profile segregationists about justice for blacks and the propriety of Jim Crow society. [45] It was acknowledged that Till whistled while Bryant was going to her car. [208] The play is a feminist look at the roles of men and women in black society, which she was inspired to write while considering "time through the eyes of one person who could come back to life and seek vengeance". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He said, "there is in the entire state no restraining influence of decency, not in the state capital, among the daily newspapers, the clergy, nor any segment of the so-called better citizens. "[166], The NAACP asked Mamie Till Bradley to tour the country relating the events of her son's life, death, and the trial of his murderers. A bulletproof sign will replace it soon", "All Info H.R.2252 117th Congress (20212022): Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2021", "Emmett Till and his mother honored with the Congressional Gold Medal", "Mississippi city of Greenwood unveils Emmett Till memorial statue", "Emmett Till's Casket Donated to the Smithsonian", "Emmett Till's Casket Discarded By Chicago-Area Grave Workers", "Authorities discover original casket of Emmett Till", "Langston Hughes's "Mississippi-1955": A Note on Revisions and an Appeal for Reconsideration", "Prolepsis and Anachronism: Emmet till and the Historicity of to Kill a Mockingbird", "The Murder of Emmett Till | American Experience | PBS", "Ballad of Emmett Till Released by Record Firm", "Red River Dave The Ballad Of Emmitt Till", "Eric Bibb pays tribute to Emmett Till in stripped-back new single, Emmett's Ghost", "Courtland Milloy on the Debut of 'Anne and Emmett', "Education policies fail brilliant young multi-instrumentalist", "Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? [4] It was later said that "The open-coffin funeral held by Mamie Till Bradley[a] exposed the world to more than her son Emmett Till's bloated, mutilated body. Retaliation for allegedly offending a white woman, A statue was unveiled in Denver in 1976 (and has since been moved to. The men then drove to a barn in Drew. President Joe Biden signed the landmark Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act into law Tuesday, an effort 122 years in the making. According to some accounts, Till's eldest cousin Maurice Wright, perhaps put off by Till's bragging and smart clothes, told Roy Bryant at his store about Till's interaction with Bryant's wife. Clinton Melton was the victim of a racially motivated killing a few months after Till. "[112][113], In post-trial analyses, the blame for the outcome varied. [40] His speech was sometimes unclear; his mother said he had particular difficulty with pronouncing "b" sounds, and he may have whistled to overcome problems asking for bubble gum. Glendora Gin history sign. His head was very badly mutilated, he had been shot above the right ear, an eye was dislodged from the socket, there was evidence that he had been beaten on the back and the hips, and his body weighted by a fan blade, which was fastened around his neck with barbed wire. Collins and Loggins were spotted with J. W. Milam, Bryant, and Till. Delta residents, both black and white, also distanced themselves from Till's murder, finding the circumstances abhorrent. Bryant and Milam appeared in photos smiling and wearing military uniforms,[87] and Carolyn Bryant's beauty and virtue were extolled. Niggers ain't gonna vote where I live. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006), p. 68. At eleven years old, Emmett, with a butcher knife in hand, told Bradley he would kill him if the man did not leave. Emmett Till, commonly referred to as Bobo, was 14 years old at the time he traveled with his great uncle Papa Mose and his cousin Wheeler Parker, to Money Mississippi. [97], The defense sought to cast doubt on the identity of the body pulled from the river. WebA grand jury in Mississippi has declined to indict the white woman whose accusation set off the lynching of Black teenager Emmett Till nearly 70 years ago, despite revelations Several witnesses recalled that they saw Bryant, Milam, and two or more black men with Till's beaten body in the back of the pickup truck in Glendora, yet they did not tell Huie they were in Glendora. For black families, the figure was $462 (equivalent to $5,300 in 2021). [76], Till's body was clothed, packed in lime, placed into a pine coffin, and prepared for burial. As a consequence, details about others who had possibly been involved in Till's abduction and murder, or the subsequent cover-up, were forgotten, according to historians David and Linda Beito. Notes later obtained from the defense give a different story, with Bryant earlier claiming she was "insulted" but not mentioning him touching her. [75], After Till went missing, a three-paragraph story was printed in the Greenwood Commonwealth and quickly picked up by other Mississippi newspapers. [55], Author Devery Anderson writes that in an interview with the defense's attorneys, Bryant told a version of the initial encounter that included Till grabbing her hand and asking her for a date, but not Till approaching her and grabbing her waist, mentioning past relationships with white women, or having to be dragged unwillingly out of the store by another boy. Bryant and Milam admitted to the murder in an interview after their acquittal. Following the discovery, Till's family called for Donham's arrest. Tyson believed Bryant embellished her testimony under coercive circumstances. Three days after his abduction and murder, Till's swollen and disfigured body was found by two boys who were fishing in the Tallahatchie River. 'Chicago boy,' I said, 'I'm tired of 'em sending your kind down here to stir up trouble. But What About The Fate Of His Father? He spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the white, married proprietor of a small grocery store there. The incident sparked a year-long well-organized grassroots boycott of the public bus system. to which Wright responded "64". [150][151] In December 2021, the DOJ announced that it had closed its investigation in the case. Wright's family protested that Mose Wright was made to sound illiterate by newspaper accounts and insisted he said "There he is." She was misquoted; it was reported as "Mississippi is going to pay for this."[82]. Unlike the population living closer to the river (and thus closer to Bryant and Milam in Leflore County), who possessed a noblesse oblige outlook toward blacks, according to historian Stephen Whitaker, those in the eastern part of the county were virulent in their racism. For non-fiction books on Till, see Bibliography, below. Till '' on her 2011 album, Hard Bargain is going to her car in 2021... 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