A first step was to use the army itself in efforts to win the confidence of the Tuaregs. 1960 — Mali achieves independence from France on September 22. The case of the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali, Fleury, K. (2010). Local peace agreements between communities were also made. Tuareg groups in northern Mali’s Azawad region share a long history of dissatisfaction with the government in Bamako. From January to April 2012, Mali underwent the fourth Tuareg uprising of its post-colonial history, an Islamist takeover of all the northern cities and an improvised military coup. Yet, the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s played an important part in laying the foundations for the violence. Interne Machtkämpfe des afrikanischen Nomadenvolks der Tuareg erschweren die französische Mission, Mali von islamistischen Rebellen zu befreien. Severe droughts in the Sahel between 1968 and 1985, as well as a strong feeling of marginalisation among Tuareg groups in Mali’s northern Azawad region, led to an important emigration of young Tuareg to Algeria and Libya. The National Pact was signed in March 1992 and promoted peace and security, as well as initiatives to foster public services and infrastructures in the North. Yet, the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s played an important part in laying the foundations for the violence. The Mali War is an ongoing armed conflict that started in January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa. Trotz des Friedensabkommens von 2015 greift die Destabilisierung immer weiter vom … 0 0 0 0. by Theo Locherer, January 12, 2021 The Katiba Macina, a jihadist group originating in the Mopti region in Mali, has started in the recent months to settle in the Kayes region, in the West of Mali. Prior to 1990, dissatisfaction with the government in northern Mali had already triggered several uprisings, which were harshly repressed by the government. The Tuareg, a semi-nomadic people who live in northern Mali, but also in Niger, Burkina Faso, Algeria and Libya, represent no more than 10 percent of Mali’s population. Finally, increasing pressures for democracy by civil society and opposition groups had weakened Moussa Traoré’s military regime, which was subsequently overthrown in March 1991. An unsubscribe function is also at the bottom of every newsletter. At the same time, nomads in northern Mali were made to feel more secure by the reduction of government military presence in the north, and by incorporating large numbers of former rebels into Mali’s security forces and civil service. Northern Mali has a very low-density population, with just 1.3 million inhabitants (out of 14.5 million in Mali as a whole), and the communities who live there (Tuareg, Arab, Songhay or Fulani) are deeply divided. Northern Mali is originally the homeland of the Tuareg, a people whose position in the Sahel was turned upside down by French colonialism. The 27th June 1990, marked the beginning of what Malians call “The Second Tuareg Rebellion”. The Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, overgrazing and gradual desertification, as well as deteriorating economic conditions and an overall lack of employment opportunities in Mali contributed further to the marginalisation of northern groups and exposed the lack of government involvement in the north. The Mali government pledged resettlement programmes in the 1980s if the Tuaregs returned from Libya and Algeria. Tuaregs and climate change, Hershkowitz, A. The main Tuareg movement in Mali say it is abiding by last year's political agreement with the government that ended its insurgency conflict. By using this site you indicate agreement with the use of cookies. Agricultural modernisation, which often encroaches upon the traditional lands of the Tuareg, intensifies long-standing feelings of marginalisation and exclusion. Stagnant economic development in the North, partly due to a lack of financial resources, in concert with considerable delays in the devolution of powers to regional authorities let anti-state grievances rise again among the northern population. By that time, the conflict had already claimed more than 300 lives. Moreover, it laid the foundations for a second insurgency in 2007 and has contributed to the fragile situation currently witnessed in northern Mali (UCDP, 2014). Data from CIA World Factbook and International Monetary Fund; 2020 estimates unless noted. However, the success of the peace process was only temporary. 1962 to 1964 — Seeking autonomy, Tuareg ethnic groups rebel in the north. Mali has a history of Tuareg rebellions followed by fragile peace and return to violence. For the other part, the droughts highlighted the lack of interest and involvement of Bamako in the northern part of the country. (2008). The new government was led by southern ethnic groups who were not sympathetic to the Tuareg minority. The army instituted recurring consultations between senior military officers and Tuareg community leaders. I agree with the delivery of the newsletter. The ongoing intra-state conflict in Mali between the central government based in Bamako, and the ethnic minority Tuareg based in northern Mali has seen several short-lived conflict resolutions since the 1960s, including the recent one that followed the 2012 rebellion. After gaining independence from France in 1960, Mali endured decades of instability. (2005). The Tuareg movement was no longer unified as is evident by the existence of several militant groups on the side of the resistance by 2006. First, it continued a national commitment to political and economic reform in the expectation that this ultimately would attenuate many of the sources of grievance in Mali. Moreover, they forced many young Tuareg to flee to Algeria and Libya, where they were exposed to revolutionary discourse and acquired military training, serving in Gadaffi’s army (Benjaminsen, 2008). The discontent underlying the violence sometimes flares into insurgency, threatening the cohesion of the state. © Australian Government 2021; and outputs supported by the European Commission are © European Union 2021. The peace accords of 1992, initiated a period of dialogue and bargaining between different Tuareg rebel groups and the Government of Mali, ultimately leading to the end of the insurgency in 1995. 1. Mali gained independence in 1960 but endured droughts, rebellions and 23 years of military dictatorship until democratic elections in 1992. The Tuareg Rebellion against the government of Mali (1990-1995) was primarily motivated by the economic and political marginalisation of Mali’s northern Azawad region. Tuareg combatants were integrated into a temporary military force (and, later, into the army, police, and civil service) as a confidence-building measure. Following a series of early defeats in the first months of the insurgency, the Government of Mali swiftly entered into direct negotiations with the Tuareg rebels. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Deteriorating economic conditions in these countries during the 1980s combined with promises of assistance by the Malian government eventually led to their return. Former fighters were to be integrated into national mili… Thousands of Tuaregs had fled the country. Moreover, it accorded the North a special status within the framework of the unitary state of Mali and envisioned the appointment of a special ‘Commissioner for the North’, which operates directly under the president’s authority to oversee implementation over a renewable five-year period (Lode, 2002). The UNDP worked with the Commissioner of the North to coordinate the international community’s effort to support the peace process, and to promote regional consultations engaging civil society. By the end of 1992, the Tuareg communities in Mali had been devastated by violence and by pervasive, continuing fear of reprisals. By 1994, the senior civil and military leadership in Mali was strongly committed to solving the Tuareg problem and doing it in a way that would end the cycle of violence and fear. Furthermore, the UNDP’s resident representative and the new Commissioner for the North worked closely together to coordinate the international community’s effort to support and finance the peace process. Taken together, these factors provided ripe conditions for an insurgency (Lode, 2002; Hershkowitz, 2005). This was an important step in the conflict resolution process, which allowed for local peace agreements between inter-dependent communities and fostered overall reconciliation (Lode, 2002). 2015 June - Government and ethnic Tuareg … Populations dispersed to Algeria and Libya, as well as to the south of Niger and Mali in the 1990s returned only in the late 1990s. The counterterrorism operations being conducted in the Menaka area have steadily deteriorated into large scale intercommunal conflict between Tuaregs, Fulani, and other populations inhabiting the Mali-Niger border areas. In the early … Finally, the analysis appeals to Michael Lund`s Curve of Conflict in order to provide a visual timing framework upon the evolution of the con flict, as well as to serve as a basis for building other possible effective intervention strategies that could be implemented. Following Mali's independence in 1960, the Tuareg started a protest against the new government, accusing it of discrimination against their wandering lifestyle. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and … It satisfied the core demands of the rebels for regional autonomy and development aid, but it was soon perceived as a threat to Mali’s territorial integrity and precipitated a military coup against the fading regime of Moussa Traoré. The Tuareg Rebellion against the government of Mali (1990-1995) was primarily motivated by the economic and political marginalisation of Mali’s northern Azawad region. However, over time, former Tuareg rebels adapted to the conditions of service and were accepted by their non-Tuareg fellow soldiers. A key reason for success being that instead of using military repression the Malian government pursued a process of reconciliation, which involved integrating Tuareg rebels into the Malian army. Yet, a lack of resources and commitment to rapidly implement the provisions of the National Pact, as well as persistent insecurity at the local level, prevented regional authorities and civil society actors from effectively addressing the underlying causes of Tuareg grievances, which eventually paved the way for renewed conflict. The early phase of the integration was difficult as exemplified by a mutiny in 1994. The Government of Mali entered into direct negotiations with the Tuareg rebels, ending in with the signing of the National Pact in 1992, which promoted peace and security, as well as initiatives to foster public services and infrastructures in the North. Tuareg and Arabs represent more than 60 percent of the Septentrion, with Tuareg groups forming a significant majority. Yet, the government failed to hold its promises, further straining its already tense relationship with Mali’s northern groups and ultimately leading to a Tuareg insurgency in June 1990. Mistrust and resentment against the government built up again amongst the Tuareg, providing the fragile context in which more recent conflicts have erupted (Fleury, 2010; UCDP, 2014). International donors showed little interest in the peace process and persistent ethnic violence hampered civil society initiatives at the local level. But will the factions unite against an Islamic state? In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The government endeavoured to appoint progressive, culturally-sensitive officers to key positions in the north. The 27th June 1990, marked the beginning of what Malians call “The Second Tuareg Rebellion”. Many Tuaregs have fled Mali after a split along colour lines. Mali. The decolonization of French territories in the 1960s led to a cultural conflict between the Tuareg and the new Malian government. Unsurprisingly, the Mande’s poor management of ethnic diversities, widespread corruption, patronage of public resources, and numerous other governance issues, made the Tuareg groups feel dangerously unhappy. Mali’s new leaders also showed a concern for Tuareg sensitivities by incorporating Tuaregs into the police and the customs agencies and ordering officials along its borders to treat Tuareg merchants and travellers with more consideration. These steps provided a positive signal to rebel leaders and encouraged the disbandment of their movements. This Strategic Studies Institute study describes the nature of the Malian solution and indicates the reasons for its success to date. CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN THE SAHEL: THE TUAREG INSURGENCY IN MALI INTRODUCTION Extreme ethnic violence has been a sordid feature of the post-Cold War world. It is instructive to note how the Malian government has endeavoured to deal with the second Tuareg rebellion: Outputs supported by DFID are © DFID Crown Copyright 2021; outputs supported by the Australian Government are Sign up for news on environment, conflict and cooperation. You can revoke your consent to the site operator at any time by unsubscribing from the newsletter. The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Toure, was deposed on 22 March 2012 in a coup in the capital, Bamako, by soldiers angry at his handling of the Tuareg rebellion in the north. Ten years after the second Tuareg rebellion, violence re-emerged in Mali. By the end of 1992, the Tuareg communities in Mali had been devastated by violence and by pervasive, continuing fear of reprisals. The army held a recurring series of workshops and consultations for soldiers of all ranks, concentrating on professional ethics, respect for human rights, laws of land warfare, and the role of the military in democratic societies. The initiatives never materialised, and instead a hostile political situation developed in the country, instilling a greater sense of identity and common purpose among the group. With the help of the government they further promoted a series of regional consultations to engage civil society and initiated a shift of responsibilities to the local level. According to Reuters, armed men raided two villages earlier this week and killed at least 16 people belonging to the Tuareg ethnic group. Until the end of 1994, the government of Mali also managed to improve troop discipline and discourage violence against the civil population, thus fostering popular support in the peace process (Lode, 2002). On 16 January 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, … France last week launched air strikes against Islamist camps and mobile forces in Mali, its former colony, to stop a rebel offensive and \"safeguard\" Mali's existence. GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Emizet F. Kisangani Department of Political Science 224 Waters Hall Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA Emizet Francois Kisangani, Ph.D., is a Professor of Political Science at the School of Security Studies at Kansas State University. However, even more important were strenuous (and successful) national efforts to use the military as a key instrument in nonviolent conflict resolution in the north. The mood is tense in the Menaka region in eastern Mali. Those that remained were deeply suspicious both of the Malian government (and especially of its army) and of their non-Tuareg neighbours. The Tuareg in Mali and Niger: The role of desertification in violent conflict, Lode, K. (2002). UN finds mass graves in northern Mali town As renewed infighting among Tuareg groups threatens to derail a 2015 peace agreement, the UN has found mass graves in a northern Mali town. Mali conflict timeline 1891 — French Sudan colony is formed, which includes modern Mali. Mali’s peace process: Context, analysis and evaluation, UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia. These meetings provided fora to discuss grievances, address allegations of criminal activity, and examine accusations of human rights abuses. The Tuareg Rebellion against the government of Mali (1990-1995) was primarily motivated by the economic and political marginalization of Mali’s northern Azawad region. Despite the disunity, we may understand this movement to … Does supply-induced scarcity drive violent conflicts in the African Sahel? The current conflict is not new. Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific, Faith-based organisations and current development debates, Responding to popular protests in the MENA region, Support for civil society engagement in peace processes. A history of violent conflict in Mali In the north, against a backdrop of long-standing Tuareg resistance – first against French colonisers and then the Malian state – the Movement for the National Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) launched an armed campaign in January 2012 for the independence of Azawad, an area covering the regions of Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg populations, which had last appeared in the mid-1990s, and date back at least to 1916. Dialogue and long-term planning are needed now to avoid repeating this cycle of conflict. Thousands of Tuaregs had fled the country. Two ethnic Tuaregs accused of supporting Islamist militants die in detention in Mali, after being tortured and denied ventilation, a rights group says. A first agreement was signed in Tamanrasset, Algeria in January 1991 with the support of the Algerian government as a mediator. These cookies do not identify you personally. This succession of destabilising events came as a surprise to all international observers, who long considered this country as a ‘poster child for democracy in Africa’. ethnic Tuareg community, a military coup, an Islamist insurgent advance, and a regional drought. For details, click "read more" and see "use of cookies". Der Konflikt in Mali ist eine Kombination aus dem Aufbegehren der Tuareg im Norden, einer sozio-ökonomischen Krise und der dschihadistischen Expansion in der gesamten Sahel-Zone. A large disarmament campaign, as well as efforts to integrate former Tuarged fighters into the armed forces, was conducted with the support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). After two peace accords in 1991 (Tamanrasset Agreement) and 1992 (National Pact) as well as several rounds of negotiations, the rebels finally took down their arms in 1995, after the government had promised greater autonomy and a higher share of economic resources for the North (Hershkowitz, 2005; Benjaminsen, 2008). Benjaminsen, T.A. Keywords: Mali, France, Senegal, Tuareg, Al-Qaeda, Ansar-Dine, AQIM. We use cookies to remember settings and choices, and to count visitor numbers and usage trends. This political process was backed by a large disarmament campaign with the support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), as well as efforts to integrate former Tuareg fighters into the armed forces. Mali’s resolution of its severe ethnic conflict involving the Tuareg nomads in the 1990s may provide useful insights into conflict resolution in Africa as a whole. Conflict Moves West in Mali, Towards the Senegalese Border. A peace accord to end the conflict in the north of Mali is signed by the government and several militia and rebel factions. Islamists have warned that French troops will become bogged down for years.• Back to the top For the one part, they contributed to the migration of many young Tuaregs to Libya, where they received military training and were exposed to revolutionary discourse. Typically, primordial hatreds embedded in ethnic history erode a society™s commitment to … Mali First Tuareg Rebellion . The Tuareg Rebellion of 2007–2009 was an insurgency that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the Tuareg people living in the Sahara desert regions of northern Mali and Niger. Since February of this year, operations against ISGS have been occurring as part of a renewed push to combat the jihadist group. Mali [accessed 2014-11-24]. Ansar al-Dine (Movement of the Defenders of the Faith) promotes Sharia law across Mali and the broader Islamic world; founded by a Tuareg, the group also includes Arabs and members of ethnic minorities in northern Mali who are threatened by the MNLA. Second, and more difficult, was to change the manner in which the army characteristically dealt with security problems in the north. Part of that reform involved the decentralisation of power, which provided local communities with much more say in their own affairs. Mali at a Glance Source: CRS graphic. President François Hollande said France intended to \"destroy\" the Islamists or take them captive if possible. Predictably, these diverse armed groups do not necessarily share common agendas. Though the road has hardly been smooth, these efforts have resulted in a remarkable national reconciliation in Mali. Although this temporarily slowed the peace process, negotiations continued with the support of Algeria and representatives from France and Mauretania. Governance, social development, conflict and humanitarian knowledge services. Yet, the Sahel droughts of the 1970s and 1980s played an important part in laying the foundations for the violence. THE TUAREGS' REBELLIONS IN MALI AND NIGER AND THE U.S. The Tuareg had been promised a considerable degree of autonomy by the colonial power, but as the French were kicked out of Mali, the Mande group was left to rule the entire country.
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