[168] Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the ECLAC. The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile. Their waters mainly flow from Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. Lait on hyväksyttävä molemmissa kamareissa, ennen kuin tasavallan presidentti hyväksyy ne. [24] Pinochet nimitti itsensä presidentiksi vuonna 1974. [51] Ulkomaanliikenteen tärkein lentoasema on Santiagon lähellä sijaitseva Arturo Merino Benítezin lentoasema. Violeta Parra ja Victor Jara ovat tuon laululiikkeen kansainvälisesti tunnettuja edustajia. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America. González also won a silver medal in singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. [19] Vuonna 1641 solmitussa Quillinin sopimuksessa vuonna 1641 Espanja joutui myöntämään mapucheille oikeuden noin 100 000 km²:n autonomiseen alueeseen eteläisessä Chilessä; mapuchet pitivät aluetta hallussaan aina 1800-luvun loppupuolelle asti. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile. The central port city of Valparaíso, which is World Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular. Kansalliset ja kaupalliset television antenniverkot toimivat rinnakkain kattavien kaapeliverkkojen kanssa, joilla näkyy sekä yhdysvaltalaisia että muita kansainvälisiä kanavia. Lisäksi maa joutui Yhdysvaltojen kauppasaartoon, ja inflaatio kohosi. [32][33], An economic depression that began in 1972 was exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. In unserem Chile Reisebericht berichten wir über Sehenswürdigkeiten, ihre beste Reisezeit und geben Tipps zur Anreise und den Unterkünften. Marcelo Ríos became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. Maan pohjoisosissa oli myös inkoja. [76] This conflict was caused by the mineral resources Chile had, Peruvians believed they belonged to them as well. [173] Internal Government of Chile figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60 percent since then. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes. Simultaneously, opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization, some of which was backed by the United States. [31] Presidentin valtakausi on neljä vuotta, eikä yksi henkilö voi toimia kahta perättäistä kautta presidenttinä. [20] Siirtomaa-ajalla Chilen yhteiskunnasta tuli etnisesti hyvin homogeeninen, ja asukkaista suurin osa oli joko mestitsejä tai eurooppalaisten paikallisia jälkeläisiä. The native flora of Chile consists of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American countries. [44], Chilen tärkeimmät kauppakumppanit ovat Euroopan unioni, Yhdysvallat, Kiina, Japani, Etelä-Korea, Brasilia ja Argentiina. Approximately 90% of Evangelical Christians are Pentecostal. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.[26]. Chile is a World Bank high-income economy with high living standards. Concepción was founded by Pedro de Valdivia in 1550 north of the Bío-Bío River, at … die Rapa Nui der Osterinsel mitten im Pazifik, die Chiloten der mystischen Insel Chiloé, die Aymara und Atacameños im Norden oder die Mapuche im Süden – haben interessante Traditionen und Bräuche, die Besucher erleben können. Chile lässt sich mit seinen 4300 Kilometern Länge gut nach landschaftlichen und klimatischen Faktoren in verschiedene Regionen von Norden nach Süden unterteilen. Peruvians claim the Northern part of Chile, which is now South West of Peru. Muita tärkeitä satamia on San Antoniossa, Antofagastassa, Aricassa ja Talcahuanossa. Äänestäjien sitoutuneisuus on kuitenkin 2000-luvulla vähentynyt, ja uusia puolueita onkin syntynyt vastaamaan äänestäjien kysyntään. On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced the Allende disruption of the legality of the nation. Since the early decades after independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs. [47] In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the Caravan of Death. [121], The earliest European immigrants were Spanish colonisers who arrived in the 16th century. [18] Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. [139] Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account for around 12% of the population. [26] The Chilean central government is a net creditor with a net asset position of 7% of GDP at end 2012. Alahuoneen edustajien virkakausi kestää neljä vuotta.[31]. Vuonna 1964 presidentinvaalit voitti maltillisen kristillisdemokraattisen puolueen ehdokas Eduardo Frei Montalva, joka pyrki muun muassa maareformiin ja hallittuun kaivosteollisuuden kansallistamiseen. Hier finden Sie eine Liste der Top 10 Sehenswürdigkeiten von Chile! In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused fjords. Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs Bolivia, has a high altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean altiplano and salt structures as the Salar de Atacama, due to the gradual accumulation of sediments over time. [134][135] According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.[136]. [189] The national dance is the cueca. This was Chile's sixth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. Chile hat eine der vielfältigsten Landschaften der Welt und wird allmählich zu einem beliebten Reiseziel für Abenteuerlustige und Naturliebhaber. Descendants of different European ethnic groups often intermarried in Chile. As a result,[38] the Richard Nixon administration organized and inserted secret operatives in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize Allende's government. FAO: Antecedents of the Chilean forest sector. Vuosina 2010–2014 talouskasvu oli peräti 5,3 prosenttia, mutta sen jälkeen kasvu hidastui, kun kuparin hinta laski ja kysyntä väheni. Maan keskiosan vuoret ovat hieman matalampia, mutta jälleen 32. leveysasteen jälkeen huiput kohoavat korkeammalla. Este cuprinsă între 17º29'57'S și 56º32'S latitudine sudică. Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on 17 November 2013. The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many Basques came to Chile where they integrated into the existing elites of Castilian origin. [25] Yritysten kansallistamiset peruttiin ja talouspolitiikassa käännyttiin vapaan markkinatalouden suuntaan. [60] Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product. The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. [19], Vuosien 1861–1891 "liberaalin tasavallan" aikakaudella maa avautui eurooppalaisille vaikutteille, ja erityisesti Britanniasta tuli läheinen kauppakumppani. [174] The Government of Chile continues to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.9 percent of GDP at the end of 2006. Concepción is the second largest city of Chile with a population of almost 227,000 (out of Concepción province's 946,000) as of 2016. [22] Toisessa maailmansodassa Chile pysyi pitkään puolueettomana osin siitä syystä, että maassa oli paljon saksalaistaustaisia siirtolaisia.[23]. Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term. [7], Andien ja rannikkovuorten välisellä keskitasangolla on paljon Andeilta tulevia alluviaali-, glasifluviaali- ja moreenisedimenttejä. Real GDP growth reached 5.7 percent in 2005 before falling back to 4 percent in 2006. Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's soon-to-be seizure of power. In continental Chile, the Atacama Desert in the north and the Andes mountains to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to 1 median household incomes. Der Norden Chiles und die Atacamawüste. Lentoliikennettä Chilessä on useissa kaupungeissa, ja se on myös erityisen tärkeätä vaikeakulkuisessa eteläosassa. ): Humberstonen ja Santa Lauran salpietaritehtaat, Aisén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Human Development Report 2015. [18] Sittemmin mapuchet aloittivat Lautaron johdolla kapinan, jossa Valdivia sai surmansa. Chilen ja Argentiinan rajalla on Andien korkeimmat vuoret. [105] About 85 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40 percent living in Greater Santiago. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of Chiloé was incorporated in 1826. 1 Chile laskee alueeseensa myös 1 250 000 km²:n suuruisen vaatimuksen Etelämantereesta, mitä ei kuitenkaan ole tunnustettu kansainvälisesti. Vesiviljely tuotti lisäksi hieman yli miljoona tonnia kalaa, kun koko muu latinalainen Amerikka ja Karibia tuotti yhteensä 1,67 miljoonaa tonnia. [70] The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States. It is an official national event celebrated in May every year. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of silver ore in Chañarcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valparaíso, which led to conflict over maritime supremacy in the Pacific with Peru. Total País 1950–2050", "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI", "Ethnicity and race as variables in epidemiological research about inequity", "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile", "Estudio genético en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana | El Dínamo", "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America", "El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales", "Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights", "Historia de Chile: Otros Artículos. [125] Spaniards were the only major European migrant group to Chile,[123] and there was never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Brazil. city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worst education results, mostly attended by poor students; subsidized schools that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees paid by the student's family, which are attended by mid-income students and typically get mid-level results; and. On 12 February 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic. Chile on pohjois-eteläsuunnassa 4 270 kilometriä pitkä, mutta leveydeltään itä-länsisuunnassa keskimäärin vain 177 kilometriä, siis hyvin pitkä ja kapea maa. Siellä on edelleen suhtellisen korkeita huippuja, mutta myös paljon jääkauden jäljiltä olevia U-laaksoja sekä vuoristojärviä. The flag of Chile is similar to the Flag of Texas, although the Chilean flag is 21 years older. If one considers only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness from east to west, with the other long north–south countries (including Brazil, Russia, Canada, and the United States, among others) all being wider from east to west by a factor of more than 10. [63] On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a national referendum in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution, later postponed to October due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Runsaasta 3 000 tulivuoresta noin 500 arvioidaan aktiivisiksi. [16], Other theories say Chile may derive its name from a Native American word meaning either 'ends of the earth' or 'sea gulls';[17] from the Mapuche word chilli, which may mean 'where the land ends'"[18] or from the Quechua chiri, 'cold',[19] or tchili, meaning either 'snow'[19][20] or "the deepest point of the Earth". Music in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and classical music. Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that, for the most part, rewards the two largest representations equally, often regardless of their relative popular support. Viña del Mar, Valparaíso's more affluent northern neighbor, is popular because of its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America. [40] Vuosina 2014–2017 talouskasvu oli noin prosentin vuodessa, mutta vuonna 2018 se kasvoi kuparin hinnan taas noustessa. Zu sehen sind außerdem die schrulligen Sammlungen von Buntglas, Muscheln und Seefahrtinstrumenten des großen Dichters. Chilen pohjoisosien joet saavat vetensä Altiplanolle tulevista kesäsateista, ja ne usein kuivuvat matkalla mereen. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. [19] Demokratia palautettiin vuonna 1932, mutta 1930-luku oli maailmanlaajuisen laman vuoksi taloudellisesti vaikeaa aikaa myös Chilelle. By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. [60], Chilellä on melko hyvä maine lehdistönvapauden suhteen, ja media voikin kritisoida uutisissaan hallitusta sekä käsitellä muita arkoja aiheita. Chile is among the longest north–south countries in the world. Of these, we highlight the archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, which is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise. Der Plaza de Armas ist der zentrale Hauptplatz Santiagos. Se toimii maan pääkaupungissa Santiagossa, ja siellä on yli 30 000 opiskelijaa. Allende was not elected with an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35 percent of votes. Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral assigned from north to south, except for the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which does not have a number. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand – heir to the deposed king – was formed on 18 September 1810. Chilellä on myös olympiapronssia vuodelta 2000. Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining birth rate. [149] Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.[150]. [26] Chile's total trade with China reached US$8.8 billion in 2006, representing nearly 66 percent of the value of its trade relationship with Asia. [164] The current account deficit was 4% in the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment. Chile ratified it in 2008. Es erstreckt sich entlang der Pazifikküste in Nord-Süd-Richtung. Pääsatama on Valparaísossa. [117] In 2002 a census took place, directly asking the public whether they considered themselves as part of any of the eight Chilean ethnic groups, regardless of whether or not they maintained their culture, traditions and language, and 4.6 percent of the population (692,192 people) fitted that description of indigenous peoples in Chile. [63], Chilen kansallislaji on vuodesta 1962 asti ollut Chilean Rodeo -niminen, rodeota muistuttava urheilulaji. Valparaison suurkaupunkialue on kuitenkin maan toiseksi suurin taajama-alue yli 800 000 asukkaallaan. Kirjassa Jara käsittelee Chilen kulttuurielämää Allenden kauden aikana. Most answered "White" (59%), while 25% said "Mestizo" and 8% self-classified as "indigenous". [165] There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining, and construction. Es ist möglich, mit einer Seilbahn (Funicular) bis zur Spitze des Berges zu gelangen. [25] They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. [198] Crudos is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the various ethnic influences in Chile. [111] Another genetic study conducted by the University of Brasilia in several American countries shows a similar genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%. Parties are thus forced to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats. [11] Patagonian suurin puu on sypressikasveihin kuuluva uhanalainen patagoniansypressi, joka voi kasvaa 60 metriä korkeaksi ja elää 3 000 vuotta vanhaksi. Electricity consumption was 68.90 TWh in 2014. [123] European migration did not result in a significant change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan. For other uses, see, Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 1 382 554,8 km, Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 2 006 360 km, Since 1961, all claims to Antarctic land are, Oehrens, E.B. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 metres (2,300 ft) below ground. The Central area is the most populated region of the country. Chile päätti muiden Etelä-Amerikan siirtomaiden tapaan irtaantua Espanjan ylivallasta ja aloitti itsenäisyystaistelunsa 1810, kun Santiagossa 18. syyskuuta maan johtoon asetettiin paikallisjohtajista muodostunut juntta. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. After these events, a movement for total independence, under the command of José Miguel Carrera (one of the most renowned patriots) and his two brothers Juan José and Luis Carrera, soon gained a wider following. Privatization of the telephone system began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities and domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations. [9], Chilen eteläosassa tavataan paljon punasuppiloita (Lapageria rosea). Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the Occupation of Araucanía. [15][16] Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. [24] About 10,000 years ago, migrating Indigenous Peoples settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. [107], In 1984, a study called Sociogenetic Reference Framework for Public Health Studies in Chile, from the Revista de Pediatría de Chile determined an ancestry of 67.9% European, and 32.1% Native American. Film production originated in Valparaíso on 26 May 1902 with the premiere of the documentary Exercise General Fire Brigade, the first film completely filmed and processed in the country. Chile's highest peak is the Nevado Ojos del Salado, at 6891.3 m, which is also the highest volcano in the world. [171], The privatized national pension system (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21 percent of GDP. 179–80. Myöhemmin Rios valittiin Chilessä 1900-luvun parhaaksi urheilijaksi. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos 2005, "Antarctic Treaty: Information about the Antarctic Treaty and how Antarctica is governed", "Chilean and Antarctic Fossils Reveal the Last "Geologic Minutes" of the Age of Dinosaurs [Slide Show]", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material", "Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms", "Chile: Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Población. Chile recently launched a massive scenic route for tourism in hopes of encouraging development based on conservation. Schon der Blick von der Parkstraße ist fantastisch. Työttömyys on selvästi maan keskitasoa suurempaa alemmin koulutetuilla ja nuorilla. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche (or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization. [13] Currently it also has the lowest homicide rate in the Americas after Canada. [10] Viljellyissä metsissä kasvatetaan paljon montereynmäntyä ja eukalyptusta. After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.[147]. However, like the Texan flag, the flag of Chile is modeled after the Flag of the United States.[90]. [71][72] With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result of widespread human rights abuses. Chile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved and 310 unpaved). [38] maassa on useita lentoyhtiöitä, joista suurin on LATAM. Chilen rajanaapurit ovat Peru, Bolivia ja Argentiina.Sen valtakieli on espanja, mutta siellä puhutaan myös joitain intiaanikieliä.Argentiinasta, Brasiliasta ja Chilestä käytetään toisinaan yhteisnimitystä ABC-valtiot. The decisions were accomplished on 27 January 1839 by the International Court of Justice[75] This became the War of the Pacific which was in the years 1879–1883. The 1891 Chilean Civil War brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. [26], Michelle Bachelet palasi presidentiksi maaliskuussa 2014 voitettuaan vuoden 2013 presidentinvaalit. [12], Pohjoisosassa on Atacaman aavikon lisäksi 3 500 metrin yläpuolella alue, johon ulottuu Bolivian trooppinen ilmasto. On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 Mw earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. Ushuaia liegt direkt am sehenswerten Beagle-Kanal und gilt zusammen mit Puerto Williams in Chile als die südlichste Stadt der Welt. Chile is a country of poets. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, Tausta: Chilen presidentti väistyy huippusuosittuna, Michelle Bachelet sworn in as Chile's president, Miljardööri Sebastian Piñera palaa Chilen presidentiksi, Chile: Administration And Social Conditions, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, Hydropower Plans Paddle On Against the Current, Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS Chile 2008, Murdered Chilean folk singer laid to rest after 36 years, Etelä-Georgia ja Eteläiset Sandwichsaaret, https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&oldid=19577720, Kotoistettuja päivämääriä sisältävät artikkelit, Artikkelit, joissa on vanhentuneita linkkejä, Sivut, jotka käyttävät ISBN-taikalinkkejä, Small-elementtiä käyttämättömät tarkenteelliset tietolaatikot, 18 de Septiembre (por Primera Junta de Gobierno), Día de la Religión Evangélica (Protestante). The highest point of the Coastal Range is Vicuña Mackenna, at 3114 meters, located in the Sierra Vicuña Mackenna, the south of Antofagasta. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. ", "Latin American Herald Tribune – Isabel Allende Named to Council of Cervantes Institute", http://164.100.47.193/Ebooks/Writereaddate/52_2017.pdf, "The strongest National League in the World 2011", World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Chile, Countries and dependencies of South America, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chile&oldid=1010305470, States and territories established in 1818, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Mapudungun-language text, Articles containing Quechua-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
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