[6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. '", The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints, Gorykaku (surrender of the Ezo rebels to Saig, The Rebellion Begins, Issue 1 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Huge Win of the Armed Forces, Issue 4 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), May 15, 1877, The Arraignment of Oyama Tsunayoshi, August 27, 1877, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 1877, Report on the Actual Condition at the Battlefield, September 21, 1877. Maebara Ikkaku, from Bumbu komei den (Story of famous figures for military and literary) 20,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. The police, in units ranging from 300 to 600 men, were mostly ex-samurai (ironically, many of whom were from Satsuma) and were armed only with wooden batons and swords (Japanese police did not carry firearms until the rice riots of 1918). It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. Like all other times in his life, though, his retirement was short-livedin January of 1869, the Satsuma daimyo made him a counselor of the domain's government. With Portrait, Maps, and. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. ISBN-10: 1437338992. Today, building on this tradition, Sophia has developed From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." What the disaffected clans and individuals wanted was a larger share of power. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. The remnants of Saig's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. Browsing subject area: Satsuma Rebellion, 1877 (Exclude extended shelves) You can also browse an alphabetical list from this subject or from: . The Satsuma Rebellion. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. It turned out the be the latterthe emperor's government in Tokyo wanted a new, centralized system, not just a collection of more efficient, self-governing domains. Saigo Takamori had led the way in Meiji reforms including the creation of a conscript army and the end of daimyo rule. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. Improved Essays. Statements. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . Satsuma Rebellion. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle", This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04. 7. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Saig also started an artillery school. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. At age six, Saigo Takamori started at the local gojuor samuraielementary schooland got his first wakizashi, the short sword used by samurai warriors. Saigo suspected that the Koreans might assassinate him, but felt that his death would be worthwhile if it gave Japan a truly legitimate reason to attack its neighbor. The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. . Advertisement Advertisement. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on Takao constituted an act of lse-majest. Instead, he went home to Kagoshima. Saigo Takamori likely was killed in the initial barrage, although tradition holds that he was just gravely injured and committed seppuku. The work is generally accurate and has much of . Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Japan. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; with Maps. Officially, the Meiji Emperor's government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. 1 reference. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. Instance of. However, the shogun began to purge pro-imperial politicians, forcing Gessho to seek Saigo's help in escaping to Kagoshima, where the new Satsuma daimyo, unfortunately, refused to protect the pair from shogun officials. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On February 13 and 14, the Satsuma domain's army of 12,900 organized itself into units. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Szczepanski, Kallie. Satsuma's governor, Oyama Tsunayoshi, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saig, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saig's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. The Death of the Last Samurai Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . to undertake publication of Monumenta Nipponica despite these problems symbolized the founders' commitment to In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. ThoughtCo. Eventually Saig and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the Battle of Shiroyama. Fighting continued into the night. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. Undeniably, it was one of the most noteworthy incidents during Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Blog. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. A famous bronze statue of Saig in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Publication Date: 2006. During war a company's strength was to be increased to 240 privates. Few would return. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. . when did the meiji restoration enddoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. The Satsuma Rebellion book. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. Roused from his seclusion, Saigo felt that this treachery and wickedness in the imperial government required a response. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. 2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. ode to the vampire mother results; national asset mortgage lawsuit; green tuna paper; mary davis sos band net worth The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saig was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma forces made a stand on Mount Enodake. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, Preview of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Larger image of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Next ( Petition by Risshisha to Establish a National Assembly ), Chapter1 Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, a. Conceptions of the Form of Government circa the Meiji Restoration, Chapter4 Crisis in Constitutional Politics. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. His first signature was Sanesada (). [2] He wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ).[3]. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. To understand the dynamism of the Meiji years, one must begin with the factors in the Tokugawa era (1600-1868) that made Japan a unique and sophisticated nation. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Then, Japan attacked forcing the Joseon king to sign an unequal treaty, which eventually led to the outright annexation of Korea in 1910. During the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate, just prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Satsuma clan began to invest heavily in armaments, building a new shipyard at Kagoshima, two weapons factories, and three ammunition depots. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. 1868-1912 -- Sources. First I developed my thesis statement. The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. Location. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, lifting the siege. A primary source of its causes and events. shizoku rebellion. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Superior Essays. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. . Ravina, Mark. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. By 7 o' clock that morning, all of the Satsuma samurai lay dead. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. Other imperial loyalists wrote to him for advice on politics, so despite his exile and officially dead status, he continued to have an impact in Kyoto. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. ThoughtCo. Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. Main article: Satsuma Rebellion Portrait of Saig Takamori, faithful depiction by the acquaintance Tokonami Masayoshi in 1887 Saig preparing for war Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saig, many of which denied his death. Saigo's retirement project was the Shigakko, new private schools for young Satsuma samurai where the students studied infantry, artillery, and the Confucian classics. News article in Le Monde Illustr, 1877. date= January 29, 1877 to September 24, 1877 place= Kysh, Japan result=Imperial Victory combatant1= Empire of Japan combatant2=Satsuma domain His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. During war, the mountain artillery had a nominal strength of 160 men per battery and field artillery had 130 men per battery. On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Since the OP might be interested, here are the pages from the above reading on the Satsuma Rebellion and its aftermath. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. 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