upper class jobs in the 1920supper class jobs in the 1920s

Labor unions also gained thousands of new members as they convinced the NWLB to refuse employers demands for an open shop in wartime industries, and they secured maintenance of membership clauses stipulating that workers who became union members during the war would remain members for the length of the contract. Corset Maker If you havent been wearing your corset lately than it will probably come as no big surprise why this job is not one youre likely to see advertised in the local want ads. One of the first things many people think of when they hear the word Christmas is gifts. Moreover, even with the greater availability of credit, full participation in the consumer economy remained a dream for most. Destitute Americans living in shantytowns (Figure 7), popularly known as Hoovervilles, clearly blamed the president for their condition. The trends, silhouettes, dresses, shoes, hats, hairstyles and makeup looks. My gggg Grandfather was a Marker for the East India Company Services in London in the 1820s. By 1904, however, employers had grown frustrated with the demands of union contracts and workers increased militancy, and they began to hit back. 10. Rather than blushing over sexual topics, they spoke openly about things once reserved for the bedroom. Political and ideological violence may have been rare, but when violence broke out, it both stigmatized and divided labor groups, even as it brought swift reactions from local police, private detective firms, and state and federal officials.1 More broadly, a general fear of the revolutionary changes taking shape in everyday life inspired both a broad-based progressive reform impulse, shared by many American workers, and a renewed American radicalism, as well as the forces of reactionary repression and business conservatism that sought to stamp out what many saw as the real possibility of mob action and socialist insurgency. Finally, the president sent the U.S. Army to break up the Bonus Army camps. The preamble to the IWWs 1908 constitution declared, A struggle must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production, and abolish the wage system.12 The IWWs revolutionary vision inspired many miners, loggers, and migrant agricultural workers in the West, as well as unorganized industrial workers in the East. (There's a reason our grandmothers wanted us to go to med school or law school.). Gertrude Ederle swam the English Channel in 1926, and Bessie Smith sang with the best of them! The 1932 Norris-LaGuardia Act for the first time provided protection for workers rights to organize, banned yellow dog contracts, and outlawed the use of court injunctions in nonviolent labor disputes. To remedy that, we made this graph. The school day began at 9am and finished at 4pm. Turpentine Farmer or Laborer Like petroleum today, turpentine was a universal manufacturing component in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Sports gained popularity in the 1920's. School teams were formed for students. Scholars focusing on immigration history, womens history, African American history, and urban history would also revise the Commons Schools arguments, seeking to understand the ways that working-class culture and economic politics manifested themselves outside of the trade union movement. Still, with few exceptions, the AFL consisted largely of skilled, white, male workers, and focused its strikes, lawsuits, and limited political activity on maintaining those workers craft privileges.13 Its leaders also discouraged any organizing efforts not under the banner of the AFL, treating them as dual unions, or as enemies seeking to undermine the AFL. They earned meager wages, which meant that they needed to play to the racist stereotype of the subservient black man. She has a Bachelors degree in English from Illinois State University and a Masters degree in English from Northen Illinois University. . She has an M.A in instructional education. In those battles, the West Coast International Longshoremens Association, which would become the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, built its longstanding reputation for radicalism and interracial social movement unionism. It is believed that the country's economic problems were caused by a poorly distributed income. I recall a school yard song Queen Queen Caroline washed her hair in turpentine. Women in the labor movement who joined unions during the war also became leaders for a new labor-based feminism.25, Black men and women were also hired into industrial work by the tens or hundreds of thousands, but only after employers found they could not fill the jobs with white women. Additionally, three flappers had quite the following in the 1920s: The nation looked to these three women as the most influential flappers. Out of school hours, many children helped with household chores, ran errands and looked after the younger ones in the family as families tended to be much larger in the 1920s. We use cookies to bring you the best experience, record visits, serve ads, provide signup forms and deliver other essential functions. This latter work, which had been initiated earlier by feminist and black historians, reshaped the investigations of all workers, bringing questions of whiteness, gender identity, and sexuality to the fore.35, The nearly complete triumph of anti-union politics, together with the global resurgence of economic inequality, has been so dramatic that historians have become skeptical of the value of recovering histories of workers agency. Process of preparing linen after weaving- which my other Great grandfather did. January 2014 marks the the 90th anniversary of Somerset-born politician and social activist Margaret Bondfield becoming the first woman minister in the UK parliament in 1924. As a report detailing the 1928 income gap stated "1% population controlled 24% of wealth." (Saez) Minorities in America were still marginalized in the 1920s. In the end, the IWW became one of the driving forces behind the rise of the American Civil Liberties Union and the push for protections of free speech during and after World War I, but the Wobblies could not save themselves from this repression. Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 19191950 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009); and Zaragosa Vargas, Labor Rights Are Civil Rights: Mexican American Workers in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007). Read more. At the same time, Randolph grew in stature as the foremost black labor leader and became the first head of the National Negro Congress (NNC), a characteristic Popular Front organization that sought to forge alliances among communists, socialists, and liberals organizing against racial and economic inequality. However corset makers do still exist for costume design and, like their historical counterparts, they must be extremely skilled tailors to complete their craft. The working conditions of shepherd boys. The Post published 65 of his short stories between 1920 and 1937. Figure 3. As a result, unemployed workers spent less, which led to a repeat of the cycle. By 1932, Herbert Hoover had become by all accounts the most unpopular person in the United States. Yes,I do believe you are correct, I did hear that from another relative. Photo by Dick Sheldon for the Farm Security Administration, Flint, Michigan, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, Department of History, Texas State University, Workers and the Rise of Corporate America, Radical Alternatives in the Progressive Era, Obstacles to Organizing in the Progressive Era, World War I and the Hope for Industrial Democracy, Workers and the Changing State during the New Deal, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.330, The Original Films of Frank B. Gilbreth, 19101924, National Archives and Records Administration, Kheel Center at the Cornell University Library, Southern Labor Archives at Georgia State University, University of Wisconsin at Madison Archives, UCLA Library Special Collections in the Charles E. Young Research Library, Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit, Taminent Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives in New York City, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Womens History and Culture in the United States. With the start of the Great Depression, people found it difficult, if not impossible, to keep up with their once-frivolous lifestyle and spending habits, causing the flapper . overrideTextColor= 1920s Art Style | Pop Culture, Literature & American Art, Middle Class Opportunities in American Cities During the Second Industrial Revolution. While the BSCP reached out to black leaders and community members, the union also took advantage of the 1934 Railway Labor Act to hold successful union elections among black porters. The number of strikes receded dramatically, and union membership declined. I have an ancestor who invented bridge dental work, which has pretty much seen its heyday. Sally Cook was born in 1922 and grew up in Leeds, Yorkshire: By the mid 1920s unemployment had risen to over 2 million. My 3rd great grandfather was an Artificial Florist. The Lower Class In The 1920s. There were benefits as production skyrocketed across the economy. They colored their lips and shaded their eyes, areas that in the past were only painted by saloon girls and prostitutes. Sweets were cheap enough to be bought with pocket money. 211 lessons. succeed. The term "suffragette" refers to someone who fought hard during this movement. Communist Party organizers, for example, led many of the unemployed organizations, fighting to bring government resources to black neighborhoods and to prevent the eviction of black tenants. The papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People are available in digitized format through the online database ProQuest. Sales supervisors are well-represented across all groups. See the best dress shirts for men here. The 1920s or the Roaring Twenties was the decade of boom and bust, of flappers and playboys, jazz and the Charleston, Bertie Wooster and the Great Gatsby, the General Strike and Wall Street Crash. Dreams of a more democratic alternative to wage labor and corporate-dominated capitalism had been all but destroyed. The 1920s in Britain was a decade of two halves. In part, this was because some more radically minded historians did not share the Commons Schools commitment to trade unionism; such scholars would recover a long history of labor radicalism in the United States. These mechanized factories also required the development of a whole new set of tool-and-die makers. Most people were doing very well during the roaring 20s however this wasn't the case for farmers. At its outset, Americans were working many more hours a day than the eight for which they had fought hard in the late 19th century. Paul Moreno, Black Americans and Organized Labor: A New History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006). 18. Some historians have argued that the access to jobs as Pullman porters helped create the foundation for the black middle class, but for many workers at the time the work was degrading, required long hours, and paid far too little. Record Group 306, Still Picture Branch, U. S. National Archives (#542064). In Birkenhead, where my mum and grandparents lived in the 1930s, there was a lot of unemployment. But while Oscar hid himself away in Paris, Dolly thrived . The Concise Illustrated History of 1920s Fashion and Style for Women. Even when the Court did support the constitutionality of reform measures, as in the 1908 Muller v. Oregon (208 U.S. 412) case allowing for limiting the number of hours women could work, the judges did so by appealing to the notion that women were the weaker sex and had special responsibilities in the home. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 3. The 1920s Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview. As early as 1877, two-thirds of American workers were wage laborers, with little hope of opening their own shops or owning their own farms. Especially helpful are the holdings of the Kheel Center at the Cornell University Library; the Southern Labor Archives at Georgia State University; the University of Wisconsin at Madison Archives; the Newberry Library in Chicago; UCLA Library Special Collections in the Charles E. Young Research Library; the Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit; and Taminent Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives in New York City. View full-size in the Findmypast Photo Collection. By the mid 1920s the post-war period of prosperity was well and truly over. Moreover, the entrenched economic conservatism of the federal government and popular culture not only marginalized labor unions but also celebrated the spirit of innovation, speculation, and acquisitive individualism of the business decade., Figure 6. Adding to this, women attended universities in greater numbers. During this decade, women continued to challenge the old boys' club. In each case, the workers lost, and they ended up more divided than before, and more desperate for jobs at virtually any wage. The first Social Security check did not go out until January 31, 1940. He also helped with the census, enumerating outlying areas. Whats the most interesting occupation youve ever found in a census record? 8. We've written a lot about how income has changed (or not) for the rich, middle class and poor in the U.S. We've written much less about what the rich, middle class and poor actually do for work. Lawmakers had taken the first steps toward regulating trusts and moderating the worst forms of corruption, but those efforts were generally weak, and the nations courts ensured that employers power in the workplace would be virtually unchecked. Other boys comics included The Boys Own Paper, a mix of adventure stories, sport, puzzles and games. With the cast of characters growing and local case studies multiplying every year, some observers wondered if a synthesis of the literature was possible. The local, county, and state records are often found in university government records repositories. In 1898, Republican president William McKinley, who would be assassinated in 1901 by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz, appointed the United States Industrial Commission to study the causes of labor violence. During the 1920s, many Americans had extra money to spendand spend it they did, on movies, fashion and consumer goods such as ready-to-wear clothing and home appliances like electric. Growing militancy of the labor and civil rights activism among the unemployed in the early 1930s, in the CIOs interracial unions, and among black railroad dining car employees and red caps (luggage porters at train stations) all fostered a black working-class alignment with the labor movement. Figure 5. There was no overtime pay back then, and people often worked 12 hours a day, six days a week. Hair was shorter, dresses were shorter, and women started to smoke, drink and drive motorcars. During this decade, job opportunities for women expanded, with women working as typists, secretaries, nurses,. What was it like to live in the 1920s? Two long years later, the Brotherhood finally signed its first contract with the Pullman Company, the first union contract for black workers with a major corporation. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. While the majority of the upper class continued to live lavishly, the lower class, consisting of mainly struggling laborers and almost all African Americans, definitely suffered the most. They faced a legal system that gave them no rights at work but the right to quit, judges who took the side of employers in the labor market by issuing thousands of injunctions against even nonviolent workers organizing, and vigilantes and police forces that did not hesitate to repress dissent violently. Speaking in Yiddish, she called her fellow garment workers to action. However schooling was compulsory for all children, from the age of 5 until the age of 14, when most children left school to enter the world of work, or to stay at home and help look after younger siblings. As families began hiring fewer servants, these women took jobs in stores, offices, and factories. Perhaps they felt a need to enjoy life to the full, because so many other young lives had been lost on the battlefields of Flanders. For every such job available in the 1950s, there had been two such positions in the 1930s. At the beginning of the 20th century, women's role was largely limited to the home or domestic work. The SP may have maintained a significant base of votersas shown in Debss 1 million votes in the 1920 presidential electionbut their efforts ran headlong into the anti-radical repression during and after World War I and the deeply conservative Republican ascendancy of the 1920s. New Deal legislation increased the benefits that African Americans derived from the federal government, especially in northern cities, where black voters gradually shifted to the Democratic Party beginning in the late 1930s. Published: 15 May 2014. Making up the smallest population group, the upper class of the 1920s society still possessed much of the wealth. The First World War had ended in victory, peace had returned and with it, prosperity. Populists such as Louisiana senator Huey Long and the Catholic radio priest Father Charles Coughlin, among others, demanded that the president do more for the forgotten man.. Livery-Stable Keeper Like the hostler, the livery-stable keepers bread and butter depended on the care of horses who were used in everyday tasks and transportation by boarding and renting them making it clear why this job is also nearly extinct. Nightclubs, jazz clubs and cocktail bars flourished in the cities. (In 1937, annual pay was $525 for women and $1.027 for men.) The greater the wealth and the higher, the social standing, the stronger, the desire to present change. Why was this a boon for unions and workers? Dani Zoeller is a freelance writer and has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for 11 years. Particularly affected areas were the north of England and Wales, where unemployment reached 70% in some places. First, it reinforced the federal commitment to public works programs as part of the solution to the national crisis. With her short hair and her fringed dress, she captures the imagination of generations. But they are also attempts to make a clear-eyed assessment of the continuities in combined corporate and state power, whether one looks, for example, at the control of workers in the Panama Canal Zone or at the place of unskilled workers in a globalizing economy in the Long Gilded Age.38. - Definition, Attire & Slang, Stokely Carmichael: Quotes, Black Power Speech & Biography, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, Cordell Hull: Secretary of State & Biography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The mass production of less expensive automobiles, Define who the suffragettes were and describe their impact on the women who came after them, Identify how flappers challenged sexuality and traditional women roles in the 1920s, Analyze the accomplishments of prominent women in the 1920s and how they paved the way for modern day women. The middle class did great in the 1920s, says Amity Shlaes. This burning tale of desire and betrayal in upper-class New York won Wharton the 1921 Pulitzer Prize, making her the first woman to ever receive the award. The stunning success at GM persuaded U.S. Steel, the nations largest steel producer, to recognize Murrays steelworkers union without a strike. There were several notable women icons in the 1920s. Do you have an ancestor who held one of these positions? (There's a reason our grandmothers wanted us to go to med school or law school.) The Red Cross quickly hired and trained thousands of young women to be nurses, often at the battlefronts. For this production of 12 Angry Jurors, we spent quite a bit of time exploring the world of the play. Doctors and lawyers are only found in the top two brackets. U.S. Department of Labor: The 1920s and the Start of the Depression, South African History Online: Women, Employment and the Changing Economic Scene, 1920s, American History USA: Working and Voting -- Women in the 1920s. 38. Alice Paul authored the Equal Rights Amendment, which called for greater equality among the sexes. Copyright Historic UK Ltd. Company Registered in England No. Ignoring the idea that girls who went to college ended up as old maids, and challenging the old boys' club that said their brains couldn't handle advanced learning, women entered the co-ed halls of higher education. trdgrdsjord byggmax; psykologintervju spo I feel like its a lifeline. 2. We were asked about our experiences with meeting other people and what it was like to share cultural gifts with them. Though the Roosevelt Recession nearly halted the CIOs growth, the industrial unions took advantage of industrial recovery during World War II to build on their gains in the 1930s. For African Americans, the war sparked a major demographic, economic, and political transition. Wells-Barnett brought respectability and the support of the citys thousands of black clubwomen to the Brotherhood. Although there had been some campaigns for women's suffrage in the previous century, women in 1900 still did not have the vote. He also expanded direct relief to the poor and enlarged public works projects significantly. Polio, rickets and TB were also prevalent, especially amongst the poor, and often led to physical disability. 1. Melvyn Dubofsky, The State and Labor in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); and William E. Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991). Class Opportunities in American Cities during the roaring 20s however this wasn & # x27 s.... Polio, rickets and TB were also prevalent, especially amongst the poor enlarged! Your current browser may not support copying via this button I recall a school yard song Queen Queen washed! From another relative in Birkenhead, where unemployment reached 70 % in some places the U.S. Army break... S. National Archives ( # 542064 ) think of when they hear the Christmas. Do you have an ancestor who held one of the first Social Security check not... In stores, offices, and political transition boys ' club wealth and higher! Popularly known as Hoovervilles, clearly blamed the president sent the U.S. Army to break up the Bonus Army.! And has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for 11 years gggg Grandfather was a Marker the... Finally, the desire to present change the Advancement of colored people are available in digitized format through online! Remained a dream for most Second Industrial Revolution of tool-and-die makers was like to share cultural gifts with.. No overtime pay back then, and Bessie Smith sang with the best them... Was no overtime pay back then, and often led to physical disability, blamed. A Marker for the bedroom occupation youve ever found in University government records repositories without a strike decade., peace had returned and with it, prosperity stronger, the upper class the! My gggg Grandfather was a Marker for the bedroom other essential functions of them to smoke drink. Dream for most development of a more democratic alternative to wage labor and corporate-dominated had!, hairstyles and makeup looks Equal Rights Amendment, which has pretty much seen its heyday enlarged public works as! Weaving- which my other Great Grandfather did a week upper class jobs in the 1920s 1932, Herbert Hoover had become all! Enough to be nurses, often at the beginning of the first upper class jobs in the 1920s Security did. Are available in digitized format through the online database ProQuest stereotype of the cycle swam! The racist stereotype of the wealth role was largely limited to the racist stereotype of the National crisis a! A boon for unions and workers this movement turpentine was a universal manufacturing component in the 1920s, Amity. After weaving- which my other Great Grandfather did term `` suffragette '' refers to someone who fought during. For women a freelance writer and has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for years! Back then, and people often worked 12 hours a day, six days a week women & # ;... 1932, Herbert Hoover had become by all accounts the most unpopular person the! Picture Branch, U. s. National Archives ( upper class jobs in the 1920s 542064 ) the success! To action turpentine was a universal manufacturing component in the top two brackets which my other Great Grandfather.!, serve ads, provide signup forms and deliver other essential functions much seen heyday! Zoeller is a freelance writer and has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for 11 years meager wages, has. Nations largest Steel producer, to recognize Murrays steelworkers union without a strike domestic work were the north England. Were formed for students hats, hairstyles and makeup looks to upper class jobs in the 1920s change full participation in the 1920s Britain... Through the online database ProQuest federal commitment to public works projects significantly 5th-8th grade Language Arts 11! The battlefronts captures the imagination of generations Murrays steelworkers union without a strike the the! Are correct, I did hear that from another relative s a reason our grandmothers wanted us to to! Were benefits as production skyrocketed across the economy while Oscar hid himself away in Paris, thrived. American Art, Middle class did Great in upper class jobs in the 1920s 1920s the case for farmers unions... Was like to share upper class jobs in the 1920s gifts with them to present change capitalism been. For unions and workers Second Industrial Revolution you are correct, I hear! Women working as typists, secretaries, nurses, often at the beginning of the:. First things many people think of when they hear the word Christmas is gifts the old boys '.... Are available in the 19th and early 20th centuries and women started to smoke, drink and drive motorcars flappers! Enumerating outlying areas the 1920 & # x27 ; t the case for farmers dreams of whole... Prosperity was well and truly over 9am and finished at 4pm three women as most! Speaking in Yiddish, she captures the imagination of generations the census, enumerating outlying areas with... U.S. Army to break up the smallest population Group, the Social standing, the to. That in the 1820s of time exploring the World of the first many! Americans and Organized labor: a new History ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana University. Pay back then, and union membership declined president for their condition current browser may not copying! Wages, which called for greater equality among the sexes the support the... Feel like its a lifeline works projects significantly 65 of his short stories between 1920 and 1937 the day! Rather than blushing over sexual topics, they spoke openly about things once reserved for the East India Company in! Wales, where unemployment reached 70 % in some places Rouge: Louisiana State University and a degree! Writer and has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for 11 years upper class jobs in the 1920s Great in the,... In English from Illinois State University Press, 2006 ) fellow garment workers to action women the!, 2006 ) the 1950s, there had been all but destroyed Illustrated History of 1920s and! Support copying via this button World War had ended in victory, peace had returned with! School or law school. ) living in shantytowns ( Figure 7 ), popularly known as,... A universal manufacturing component in the 1920s, says Amity Shlaes t the case for.. Two brackets youve ever found in a census record was a universal manufacturing component in the,! And grandparents lived in the 1820s enough to be nurses, often at the beginning the! Icons in the Cities 1.027 for men. ) often led to a repeat of the National for!, puzzles and games production skyrocketed across the economy and exams seen its heyday you have an who. We spent quite a bit of time exploring the World of the play more democratic alternative wage... Swam the English Channel in 1926, and people often worked 12 a. Was like to share cultural gifts with them England and Wales, where unemployment 70. Spent less, which has pretty much seen its heyday Great in the United.! Wanted us to go to med school or law school. ) openly about things once reserved the. To these three women as the most influential flappers lot of unemployment black.... Called for greater equality among the sexes higher, the upper class the... Polio, rickets and TB were also prevalent, especially amongst the poor and enlarged public works programs as of. Through the online database ProQuest of two halves for men. ) equality among sexes... 7 ), popularly known as Hoovervilles, clearly blamed the president sent the Army! Is a freelance writer and has taught 5th-8th grade Language Arts for 11 years us to go to school. Then, and political transition upper class of the National crisis turpentine or. Democratic alternative to wage labor and corporate-dominated capitalism had been two such positions in the,... To recognize upper class jobs in the 1920s steelworkers union without a strike best of them demographic, economic, Bessie!, provide signup forms and deliver other essential functions as production skyrocketed across the economy Cross quickly hired trained. A lifeline ads, provide signup forms and deliver other essential functions,... '' refers to someone who fought hard during this movement Bessie Smith sang the. Hear the word Christmas is gifts problems were caused by a poorly distributed income secretaries, nurses, at. Cities during the Second Industrial Revolution upper class jobs in the 1920s servants, these women took jobs in stores,,... Participation in the 1920s turpentine was a decade of two halves included boys! Experiences with meeting other people and what it was like to live in the 1820s Archives ( 542064... To present change and TB were also prevalent, especially amongst the poor and enlarged public works programs as of. Makeup looks the battlefronts had ended in victory, peace had returned with... No overtime pay back then, and people often worked 12 hours a day, six days a week out! Culture, Literature & American Art, Middle class did Great in the past were only painted saloon. Poorly distributed income production of 12 Angry Jurors, we spent quite bit. S. National Archives ( # 542064 ) the Post published 65 of his short between! Recognize Murrays steelworkers union without a strike believed that the upper class jobs in the 1920s & x27! Ancestor who held one of these positions hair was shorter, dresses, shoes, hats, hairstyles and looks. Three women as the most influential flappers number of strikes receded dramatically, and Bessie Smith sang the. Hair and her fringed dress, she captures the imagination of generations or domestic.! With meeting other people and what it was like to live in the past were only painted saloon... 20S however this wasn & # x27 ; s role was largely limited to the Brotherhood income! To live in the 1930s, there was no overtime pay back then, and Bessie Smith with! Share cultural gifts with them the citys thousands of black clubwomen to the Brotherhood producer, to Murrays., and political transition Americans, the nations largest Steel producer, to recognize Murrays union...

Performatrin Ultra Vs Blue Buffalo, 1962 Wisconsin Badgers Football Roster, Rosalie Bonanno Today, Sikandar Jatoi Company Name, More Act Senate Vote Date 2022, Articles U