biological, social and cognitive influences on gender developmentbiological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

This approach is based on cases where there is a discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. What is the focus of cognitive approaches? Social Science Sociology Summarize what we know about biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development. Biological perspective states that gender is based on the two biological factors; that is the chromosomes and hormones which explains why boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs . The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; The more we see it, the more it becomes a part of our socialization. First, children start recognizing their own gender groups and begin to build schemas. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for males and females. Write by: . Children between 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces. 60 terms. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . Gender schema theory describes how gender identities develop based on our schemas about that aspect of ourselves and others. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. If not, no worries, we are about to have a crash course to catch you up! Oedipus was a man that killed his father and married his mother in Greek mythology. The need for the male attention was referred to overvaluation of love (Harris, 2016). The cognitive theory of gender development focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. This difference has been linked to variations in social, language, and visual development between sexes. Review the evidence linking gender differences in cognitive abilities to brain organization Some theorists propose that male and female brains are organized differently, which might account for gender differences in some gender-specific abilities. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. gender labelling (ages 2-3), gender stability (age 4) and gender consistency (ages 6-7). Initially, mothers engaged in this behavior more than the children did; however, as children aged, children began displaying this behavior more than their mothers did. Demand characteristics: When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to, rather than acting naturally. you get the point. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. The more a child plays with same-gender peers, the more their behavior becomes gender-stereotyped. We receive much of our information about gender from models in our environment (think about all the factors we just learned about parents, media, school, peers). Overall, for both genders, identification is the ultimate resolution of the internal conflict in the Phallic stage. Bandura posits three major types of influences that operate to promote gender role development: (1) modeling (observing gender-relevant conceptions and behaviors from a wide range of sources, including family members, peers, teachers, and the media), (2) enactive or direct experience (gender-relevant learning related What is gender biologically? An environment that is unsafe and results in abuse, neglect, stressful family dynamics, etc. 111). We can be genetically predisposed to many things such as mental illness, cancer, heart conditions, etc. Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. what were kohlberg's stages of gender development and when do they occur? The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. This phenomenon is not evidenced in fraternal twins or non-twin siblings to the same degree (Bevan, 2017). kohlberg's theory of gender development 16 marks. Which of these theories are NOT cognitive theories of gender development? If a female was disappointed by males in her family (such as her father or brother, etc. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. When this was discovered, his mother/wife hung herself and Oedipus poked both of his eyes out, blinding him (McLeod, 2008). 4.2.6.1. First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. Many studies used to support this theory are based on interviews with young children, which increases the likelihood of demand characteristics. Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology. Does gender behaviour have an evolutionary basis? The four areas of focus include (1) evolutionary theories, (2) genetic theories, (3) epigenetic theories, and (4) learning theories (dont worry, we will explain how this is biology related, rather than cognitively or socially related). Observation is one of our most important survival skills as humansChildrenen watch and observes those around us from a very young age m and, eventually, try to mimic them. Lets think of how schemas are used to begin to interpret ones world. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the . We begin to see boys and girls segregate in their play, based on gender, in very early years. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that the brain is more inclined to male behaviours. Here is a closer look at nutrition and gender and how they affect development. What are two cognitive explanations of gender development? 4.1.1.2. Some studies support this theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella in which 106 predominantly white children were shown stereotypical images of behaviours alongside neutral and non-stereotypical images. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. Another theory combines the theory of social learning with cognitive theories (we will discuss cognitive theories below). Theories that suggest that gender identity development is universal across cultures (e.g., Eastern versus Western cultures, etc.) What does Gender Schema Theory suggest about a childs perception and development of their gender identity? However, for this book, we will not get into the nitty gritty details (Bevan, 2017). As such, the focus educators place on children can have lasting impacts. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Similar to boys, the development of the superego allows the girl to resolve this conflict. However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. John Money's (1972) theory was that once a biological male or female is born, social labeling and differential treatment of boys and girls interact with biological factors to steer development. To use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development, we must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, that it is something within our minds and not something biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Sign up to highlight and take notes. As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. For example, they may talk to daughters more about emotions and have more empathic conversations, whereas they may have more knowledge and science-based conversations with boys (Bussey, 2014). suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. However, there are rare exceptions to this rule. 4.2.6.2. This phenomenon is called the social learning theory. (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning - psychoanalytic theories. This theory underscores the idea, present . Cognition is the basic ability to . They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. It does not explain why, Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the, Biological Influences on Gender Development, In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. How we acquire gender identity. This was less based on sex and more on qualities of an individual, essentially using peoples strengths to the groups advantage. In this theoretical perspective, gender conceptions and roles are the product of a broad network of social influences operating interdependently in a variety of societal subsystems. Kohlberg is one of those theorists we will learn about later. The unique cultural influences children respond to from birth, including customs and beliefs around food, artistic expression, language, and religion, affect the way they develop emotionally, socially, physically, and linguistically. Outline strengths and weaknesses of these theories. The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. Aug 2022. Cognitive processes bring changes to the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Although we are focusing on the negative, think about what could happen if we saw a shift in that focus! Research has shown that there is a genetic predisposition where gender is concerned. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Again, you can see, very clearly, that there is an underlying assumption that healthy development equals heterosexuality, which is a major criticism of Freuds theory (Sammons, n.d.). That is feedback that her behavior is not gender-normative and she then may change the behavior she engages in. what is a strength of the gender schema theory? A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. Girls may also be oriented towards relationships and their appearance rather than careers and academic goals, if they are very closely identifying with traditional gender roles. Ultimately, she accepts that she cannot have a penis, nor have her father, and she transfers this desire onto other men and later transfers her desire for a penis to a desire for a baby (and maybe even more so, a baby boy; Sammons, n.d.). Horney disputed this (Harris, 2016). (2022) The sexual brain, genes, and cognition: A machine-predicted brain sex score explains individual differences in cognitive intelligence and genetic influence in young children. Children are born in a family; inherit many traits and features from their parents. Kohlberg's theory of gender development. We pick out boy and girl names, choose particular colors for nurseries, types of clothing, and decor, all based on a childs gender, often before they are ever born (Bussey, 2014). For example, say a little girl is playing with a truck and her peers laugh at her. According to cognitive developmental theory, gender socialization occurs when children recognize that gender is constant and does not change which is referred to this as gender constancy. Kohlberg indicated that children choose various behaviors that align with their gender and match cultural stereotypes and expectations. The male attention was referred to overvaluation of love ( Harris, 2016.! 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