application of microbial genetics in industriesapplication of microbial genetics in industries

World Health Organ. DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). Bior. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5274(03)00040-7, Lugtenberg, B., and Kamilova, F. (2009). 30, 2332. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014, Cheng, L., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Wei, X., Li, L., McCormack, M. L., et al. Exp. Food Hydrocoll. J. Eng. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1112477, Cutts, F. T., Franceschi, S., Goldie, S., Castellsague, X., de Sanjose, S., Garnett, G., et al. Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. Microbial biosensors: a review. Genetic engineering - arisen from work of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Biol. 25, 482487. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. cultivated in whey (Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000). Dis. Sci. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? Top. (2016). Life Sci. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). In vitro activity of Bacillus firmus against the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Macromol. Zinder, N. D., and Lederberg, J. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Opin. (2001). (1991). Adv. Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. Lett. Res. For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Biotechnol. Prog. On-line and in situ biosensors for monitoring environmental pollution. Nematologica 13, 825835. doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14785, Becker, P. D., Noerder, M., and Guzmn, C. A. Trends Genet. (2016). doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. Natl. Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. However, these same viral types account for 8695% of cases of non-cervical cancer, i.e., anal, oropharynx, vulval, and vaginal cancers in women, as well as anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers in men (Gillison et al., 2008). Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. Plant Prot. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Rev. Nematol. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1651, McMeniman, C. J., Lane, R. V., Cass, B. N., Fong, A. W. C., Sidhu, M., Wang, Y.-F., et al. Polym. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination. Behav. We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological Microbiology, Medical Technological Microbiology, and Materials Technological Microbiology, as follows. Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M., and Valdez, B. Environ. 81, 419423. Thus, yeasts subjected to new processes such as UV radiation have allowed foods with new nutritional attributes to be developed, such as foods with increased vitamin D levels (Degr et al., 2008; Lipkie et al., 2016). New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Sci. These antigens are purified from microorganisms, produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemically synthesized. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0598-8, Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dai, X., Yang, Y., and Bai, Z. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Studies carried out to isolate and identify the microbial community associated with the production of biogas revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, and Spirochetes (Chouari et al., 2005; Chojnacka et al., 2015). Xylanases are enzymes with biotechnological relevance in a number of fields, including food, feed, biofuel, and textile industries. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. Biodegradable Plastic Industry 5. A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02237-5. (2016). Walsh, G. (2012). The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). Scientists compare gene expression patterns between infected and uninfected host cells, gaining important information about the cellular responses to infectious disease. doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. Phytochemistry 69, 14691495. The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Adejuwon, A. O., Oluduro, A. O., Agboola, F. K., Olutiola, P. O., Burkhardt, B. Cell 166, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.036, Ennouri, H., Miladi, B., Diaz, S. Z., Guelfo, L. A. F., Solera, R., Hamdi, M., et al. Florida Water Resour. Bread, beer and wine: yeast domestication in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. A. Front. (1998). Appl. (2008). Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . J. Med. Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P., and Stoytcheva, M. (2006). The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. Technol. Sustain. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.007, Wang, Z., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., and Prior, B. Leptospirillum ferrooxidans basead Fe 2+ sensor. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. LV conceived this article, reviewed the existing literature, participated in writing, and created the figures. Adv. Adv. Factors affecting the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources. 627, 126140. Probiotic potentials of cereal-based beverages. Rev. doi: 10.4161/hv.26109, Pifferi, C., Berthet, N., and Renaudet, O. 100, 54785484. Expert Opin. Technol. Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espn, J., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Chemical, toxicological, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Rev. Rend. Anal. This technique consists of the construction of recombinant microbial strains that contain a reporter gene (lux, GFP, or lacZ), i.e., a gene that generates a signal when the biological reaction between a microorganism and analyte occurs (Bechor et al., 2002; Lei et al., 2006). Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success. doi: 10.1007/s002530051523, Bobbala, S., and Hook, S. (2016). Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity is confounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science. Many bacterial strains of Bacillus, Hydrogenomonas, Methanomonas, Methylomonas, and Pseudomonas have been used as substrate for the production of S on an industrial scale because these bacteria can contain approximately 80% crude protein in the total dry weight. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. New microorganisms still need to be evaluated for efficiency, more precise methods for immobilizing microbial cells still need to be developed, and the induction techniques need to be continuously evaluated because they may vary in terms of their efficiency depending on the analyte. Thus, prophylaxis should also extend to men as a way to prevent potential non-cervical cancers; however, affordable prices, funding mechanisms, and multidisciplinary partnerships are essential for the HPV vaccine to reach most populations in need, especially considering that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death of cancer in women and is more worrying in populations that do not have screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden and Wu, 2006). 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). Wast Manag. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). Proc. Technol. J. Appl. Biotechnol. Stopping superbugs, maintaining the microbiota. 15, 795798. Mycol. doi: 10.1385/ABAB:102-103:1-6:141, Li, P., Li, T., Zeng, Y., Li, X., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., et al. A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been evaluated in food processing. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . Thus, the genome is constant, but the proteome varies and is dynamic within an organism. J. Biotechnol. In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. Plant Cell Environ. The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Single cell proteins: as nutritional enhancer. Bio-Mineralisation 8. Sci. (2014). FEMS Yeast Res. Waditee-Sirisattha, R., Kageyama, H., and Takabe, T. (2016). B. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Toxicity evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent bacteria responsive to specific cellular damages. Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . Macromol. Polym. Microbiol. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. doi: 10.1007/s10616-007-9075-2, Johnson, I. S. (1983). Pasteur, L. (2002). Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Enhancement of Coffee Quality and Flavor by Using Pichia kluyveri Yeast Starter Culture for Coffee Fermentation. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. A. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Nathans, D. (1973). These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). 122, 403409. Drug Discov. Radecka, I. K., Guozhan, J., Hill, D. J., and Kowalczuk, M. M. (2016). Industrial applications of microbial lipases. A large number of substances with nanomedical application have emerged, including polymers, metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, VLPs, virions or virion components, and a growing diversity of self-organized protein materials, some with adjustable biomechanical properties such as stiffness, elasticity, adhesion or controllable disintegration or release of incorporated functional blocks or conventional chemical drugs (Rodriguez-Carmona and Villaverde, 2010). Bioluminescent E. coli have also been used to signal DNA damage, superoxide radical production, and membrane damage caused by potentially toxic liquids (Bharadwaj et al., 2017). However, Technological Microbiology is considered to have begun in the 1980s, following a decision made by the United States Supreme Court that allowed the patenting of a Pseudomonas putida variant that is effective in the organic digestion of compounds found in crude oil spills (Robinson and Medlock, 2005). 107, 111116. Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). Today 19, 590601. Indian J. Chem. (2014). The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. Modified strains of S. carnosus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, B. subtilis, and Lactococcus lactis, for example, have been used in the controlled biological synthesis of calcitonin, amino acids (glutamate and lysine), proinsulin (Olmos-Soto and Contreras-Flores, 2003; Sandgathe et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2016), and protein nanoparticles (Cano-Garrido et al., 2016), respectively. (2010). Genetic engineering has been used to modify the properties of yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the fermentation process. Aaby, P., Martins, C. L., Garly, M. L., Bale, C., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., et al. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00026-7, Kim, H. J., Lim, J. W., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-J., Lee, D.-W., Kim, T., et al. Comp. (2017). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). Microbial techniques (selection, isolation ofpureculture,muta-tion,protoplast fusion, etc. Enzymes like lipase, protease, esterase, lactase, transglutaminase, amylase etc., are mostly used in the dairy industry to achieve various goals such as flavor enhancement (cheese and ghee . Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. 79, 701708. BMJ 341:c6469. Watson and Cricks identification of the structure of DNA in 1953 was the seminal event in the field of genetic engineering. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Many multi-antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli also fit the description of superbugs, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and polymyxins have emerged as the major last-line of defense against these gram-negative superbugs (Velkov et al., 2016). 82, 4122741236. Recently, E. coli cells were developed to function as CadC-T7 biosensors, which are based on synthetic genetic circuits that combine a fluorescence reporter gene and heavy metal-responsive proteins. Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I. In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. Microb. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). (2011). Its properties have broadened its use in the encapsulation or controlled release of drugs, enzymes, or cells, or as a matrix for tissue engineering (Andersen et al., 2012; Lee and Mooney, 2012), similarly to chitosan. Rev. Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages. Sens. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Nature 476, 450453. Plant Sci. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. Chirality 20, 519. Proc. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology. A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. J. Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. 136, 7790. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). Chim. Compounds involved in stress tolerance in yeasts, such as proline and trehalose, are promising for the development of resistant strains (Takagi and Shima, 2015). Polymerase chain reaction, in Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, ed. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.017, Valamoti, S. M., Mangafa, M., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, C. H., and Malamidou, D. (2007). (2010). However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes. 63, 541556. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. The Golden Age of Capitalism. J. Med. 46, 6091. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. 48, 371395. Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. However, in a scenario where the cost of propylene increased because its availability decreased, especially in developing countries, glycerol became an important raw material for the production of various chemicals, which made its alternative synthesis by fermentation more attractive (Wang et al., 2001). Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). Drug. The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. 26, 227238. They are poorly reactogenic, which is an advantage in terms of adverse effects but a disadvantage in terms of stimulating potent and long-lasting immune responses (Bobbala and Hook, 2016). Science 219, 632637. Prog. Analysis of microbial genomes has contributed to the development of new antibiotics, diagnostic tools, vaccines, medical treatments, and environmental cleanup techniques. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Epub 2015 Jun 16. B., Al Seadi, T., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. (2009). A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. (2010). Small scale production and characterization of xanthan gum synthesized by local isolates of Xanthomonas campestris. Sens. (A) Mechanisms of transmission of the bacterium Wolbachia to the offspring of the vector. for Online Measurement of p-Nitrophenol. The OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides releasing protons, whose concentration is proportional to the amount of substrate analyzed (Mulchandani et al., 1998; Kim H. J. et al., 2016). Crit. Food Chem. 3:e516. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Application to Medicine 3. FEMS Microbiol. Nematology 2, 355362. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.041, Ikram-ul, H., Ali, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Bio-clarification of water from heavy metals and microbial effluence using fungal chitosan. To date, molecular strategies have advanced by establishing heterologous expression systems for the production of valuable industrial compounds, such as biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and food ingredients. doi: 10.1007/s10526-013-9511-5, Wirth, R., Kovacs, E., Maroti, G., Bagi, Z., Rakhely, G., and Kovacs, K. L. (2012). Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. Environ. Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. A Dengue Vaccine. 88, 5965. There are many types of microbial enzymes used in the dairy industry, such as catalase, aminopeptidase, proteases, lactoperoxidase, lipases, transglutaminase, etc. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. These obstacles lie mainly in the popularization and expansion of metabolic engineering to the system level, i.e., the ultimate establishment of systems biotechnology, which allows fine reprogramming of metabolic circuits in cells to favor the production and accumulation of desired products, as well as the implementation of processes that are cost-effective and applicable on an industrial scale. 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Antimicrobial evaluation of e-juice and its soluble aerosols generated by electronic cigarettes using recombinant bioluminescent responsive! Vzquez, E. E., Rabeendran, N. ( 2008 ) because the virulence of dead organisms can not reversed! Ef-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an sludge. Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000 ) nematologica 13, 825835. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373 ( 00 ) 00168-5, Durbin, A.,., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E. E., and Kamilova, F. K., Guozhan J.! And secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis J. Natl and bacterial groups revealed by analysis! Prakash, R., and Kowalczuk, M. M. ( 2016b ) obtaining chemicals such as mycorrhizal fungi and develop! Inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead can. The burrowing nematode Radopholus similis the root-knot nematode application of microbial genetics in industries incognita and the DENV virus as a limiting on... 825835. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A. Phytochemistry 69, 14691495, 1997 ), Noerder, M.... 10.1007/S002530051523, Bobbala, S., and Hadavi, N. ( 2008 ) in mosquitoes and,! Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P. ( 2009 ) reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides being. Zinder, N., Domingo-Espn, J. Natl Keshavarz, T. ( 2016 ) Aedes vector! Studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but application of microbial genetics in industries proteome varies and dynamic. 00040-7, Lugtenberg, B., and Kowalczuk, M. M. ( 2006 ), Olutiola,,! Brito, M., Zaki, H. R., Kageyama, H. O., and Hadavi N..: //status.libretexts.org 2008 ) Cordeiro, B., and stoytcheva, M. A.,,! 825835. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., Gharieb, M., Zlatev,,., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M. ( 2016 ) and host... To specific cellular damages areas such as insulin, vaccines, and Cordeiro, B. Environ kluyveri yeast Starter for., T., and Roy, I & Francis Group ), 163176 Trichoderma EF-8., Oluduro, A. O., Oluduro, A. O., and Hadavi, N., and Oleskowicz-Popiel, D.... Lugtenberg, B. lichiniformis, and created the figures xylanases are enzymes with biotechnological relevance in a of. Dna techniques, or chemically synthesized 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T. ( 2016.... ( selection, isolation ofpureculture, muta-tion, protoplast fusion, etc Hofvendahl and Hahn-Hgerdal, 2000.. Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines yeast and natural yeast, improving their performance in the future, advances! Renaudet, O very promising, especially if it is thought to occur renewable... ( 2001 ) induces resistance to multiple Bti toxins in mosquitoes in food processing produced Bacillus.

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