Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . Another dimension of militarism involves arms exports by both the US government and US military contractors. Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Federation of American Scientists. Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. SOC SCI 132. Nuclear weapons overview. A fifth and related group is composed of social reconstructionists or critical pedagogues, who cast social studies in schools in a leading role in the (1971). Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. The first is the thirteenth century, when the Mongol Empire under the initial leadership of Genghis Khan became an empire in Asia and Eastern Europe through wars and conquest in which it killed 40 million people. (2011). What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. 100% (1 rating) A) Social science plays a very crucial role in defining the effects of wars on the family and the society. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Each submarine is projected to cost more than $8 billion to build and another $21 billion in constant dollars in operation and maintenance costs over its lifetime (Castelli, 2012). Depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems such as insomnia are the most common effects. Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. Most arms exports from the United States and other exporters go to developing nations. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. These experts say the military budget is bloated for at least four reasons. This essay analyzes the different spheres that influenced one of the people with eating behavior problems according to the social-ecological model of health. Drew, C. (2011, March 30). (2011). To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? That is because social science studying the same thing as natural science --- matter, of its structure and mode of motion. However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . We both wound up suspended for that one (Ashton, 2011). As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. New York Times, p. A1. Question. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. 9.5 million children receiving low-income health care (Medicaid), 1.7 million students receiving full-tuition scholarships at state universities, 1.6 million Head Start slots for children. The Washington Post, p. B01. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. An Associated Press photo of her running naked and screaming with burns after her village was napalmed was one of the most memorable photos of that war. When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. Pew Research Center. (2012, February 8). There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. US veterans: By the numbers. Prompt: During the first week of the course, you will respond to several questions in the webtext as you complete each . By 2011, NIJ's solicitation for social science research on forensic science yielded several solid proposals, and we were able to fund five projects. Worrell, M. P. (2011). In 2011, military spending (defense outlays by the Department of Defense and certain other agencies; outlays include costs for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) according to the government was approximately $768 billion. Nuclear war is no longer a two-player game, as it largely was during the cold war, with the U.S. and NATO facing off against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf (accessed February 16, 2012); Martinez, L. (2011, November 11). Choose one of the five social institutions. Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). The Second World War triggered a series of rapid and far-reaching social changes in Newfoundland and Labrador. Identify two social science issues related to education. As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012). Holland, J. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. They say the United States could safely decrease its nuclear and conventional weapons arsenals without at all endangering national security. The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Washington rules: Americas path to permanent war. Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. The United States, of course, began with the colonial war against England. One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. Trade-offs. Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. It . Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. Tirman, J. . If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Choose one of the five social institutions. Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . (2011). Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Feinstein, A. Slashing Americas defense: A suicidal trajectory. The National Guard New York National Guard CC BY 2.0. A closer analysis of the opportunities that social science offers the military shows, however, that it provides a variety of research and educational capabilities, . Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Americas defense meltdown: Pentagon reform for President Obama and the new Congress Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. That is the good news and the cause for hope. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. But not all civilians are affected equally. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. In 2010, the US official military budget (defense outlays only) was $698 billion. In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. I think it partly reflects a better understanding of the problems that led to war. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. War has significant impacts, but perhaps most of all on civilians and veterans. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. New York, NY: Routledge. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. When a napalm bomb explodes, it ignites an enormous fireball that burns everything in its path. The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. Prompt: During the first week of the . For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. ABC News. An unknown number of civilians were burned severely or, if they were lucky, died. for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Where do our income tax dollars go. National Priorities Project. First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Obamas damaging blow to our military. Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. . Analysis of the FY2012 defense budget. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. Families of deployed troops also face many difficulties. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. In making this very important decision, Europe has chosen butter over guns. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. We need to confront them to ensure equal treatment for everyone. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. It emerged from china and spread worldwide in a quick time span. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. (2011). A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). For every 100,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who receive health care from the Veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves. The Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in the nations capital and so many other memorials across the nation remind us of the hundreds of thousands of brave men and women who have died serving their country. Acting out wars inner wounds. Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. Rafter, N. H. (1990). This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. His wife April had to quit her teaching job to take care of him, and their life savings slowly dwindled. Ashton, A. They are also more likely to engage in drug use and binge drinking. Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. Virtual reality As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. In addition, half of American children need food stamps at some time before becoming adults, while this problem is far rarer in Europe. How You Can Get social science issues related to war With a Zero-Dollar Budget; As the United States has been engaged in several armed conflicts in recent years, I have had several conversations with friends regarding the implications of war on society and how things have changed. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. . The remaining several hundred refugees hid and were shot at for three days by US ground soldiers. For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). 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