It should not present any new information or facts, but should summarize the information already given. Given the subjective nature of the phenomenon, qualitative methods are particularly suited to research into experiences of loneliness, as they can aim to capture the idiosyncrasies of these experiences. The characters Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife all live in a constant struggle against loneliness. Based on a national youth survey of high school students in the fall of 2021, the report states that nearly 3 in 5 U.S. teen girls or 57% felt persistently sad or . This coming-of-age story deals with themes like loneliness, isolation, depression, society, sex, innocence, and loss, making it relatable to people across the decades. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. The current systematic review will instead take a bottom-up approach which focuses on non-clinical populations of all ages to synthesise findings on participants experiences of loneliness, rather than the conceptualisations that might be imposed by study authors. Everyone is contained in their tiny little spaces, rarely interacting with one another and yet, loneliness is rampant in the courtyard. Its a snapshot of class and race relations that delves into the depths of human loneliness. One of the characters that experience loneliness as a result of forced isolation is Candy, the old handicapped man with the responsibility of cleaning up the Bunkhouses. 3. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Different authors hold different viewpoints about inclusion versus exclusion of low-quality studies. sense of loneliness composed from broken dreams and loss of realism. Few studies have investigated the barriers to health and well-being and potential . J Nurs Scholarsh. Syst Rev 9, 284 (2020). 4. In doing so, this research may identify age groups which have been understudied and may be underrepresented in this field of research, potentially pointing to life stages where experiences of loneliness might be usefully explored in more detail in the future. By using this website, you agree to our There are many instances throughout this book that demonstrates how discrimination against the impaired characters connects to the theme loneliness. These searches will be supplemented with hand-searching in reference lists, such that the titles of all articles cited within eligible studies will be checked. streetcar named desire williams presents feelings of loneliness at different points in the play through the use of different characters. New codes will be applied to these groups to describe their overall meaning. Grey literature will be located through searches of Google Scholar, opengrey.eu, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and websites of specific loneliness organisations such as the Campaign to End Loneliness, managed in collaboration with an information specialist. This research question concerns aspects of loneliness which participants discuss when describing their lived experiences. Google Scholar. Res Synth Methods. Whilst primary empirical studies are not themselves extensive sources, with books in particular often offering rich descriptions of loneliness (see, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x. He was driven by revenge, trying to drive him into the same despair. The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides,Ive got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours,constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. A similar strategy has been employed in other recent systematic review work focusing on loneliness (e.g. That means that you have to simplify the meaning somewhat to get it into a single sentence, but nevertheless, your theme statement itself should make a point. Data will be extracted from the studies by PMP using a purpose-designed and piloted Microsoft Excel form. Naturally, it creates discomfort and relationship problems. Finally, full-text versions of the remaining articles will be read by PMP to assess whether they are suitable for inclusion in the final review. Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Glmezoglu M, et al. After the synthesis is complete, a sensitivity analysis will be undertaken in which any low-quality studies (as identified through the JBI checklist) are excluded from the analysis to assess whether the synthesis is altered when these studies are removed, in terms of any themes being lost entirely or becoming less rich or thick [42]. Mansfield et al. This process will be repeated with any articles that are found to be eligible at this stage until no new eligible articles are found. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Metaphorically, isolation may mean hiding unshared emotions. At this stage, the synthesis should remain close to the findings of the included studies. What was the purpose of the epic poem? All authors approved the final manuscript. A number of studies have qualitatively explored experiences of loneliness; however, the research lacks a comprehensive overview of these experiences. PMP, JG, RT, and KY contributed to the drafting and revising of the protocol. By including non-clinical populations of all ages, this research will provide an essential view of loneliness experiences across different life stages. Overcoming - fear, weakness, vice. The experience of loneliness: a tri-level model. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Department for Digital C, Media and Sport. If one theme can be thought of as defining the plot and symbolism of Of Mice and Men, that theme is loneliness.In many ways, from the outspoken to the subtle (such as Steinbeck's decision to set the novel near Soledad, California, a town name that means "solitude" in Spanish), the presence of loneliness defines the actions of the Click to visit Background: Given the dramatic projected increase in Alzheimer's disease globally and the increased risk of morbidity and mortality for family caregivers of these patients, there is an urgent need to provide more targeted, timely resources to support the health and well-being of these informal caregivers. Given the aim to include studies focused on experiences of loneliness specifically, this search strategy was deemed most appropriate. One of the small acts of kindness we see in the novel includes hiding and caring for Max by the Hubermanns even at great risk to themselves, Rudy giving the teddy bear to the dying pilot, Ilsa Hermann inviting Liesel into her library. Students can find guides on how to improve their writing and academic performance in general, get useful tips on making their study process more efficient, or learn how to deal with particular issues. Being alone despite Being Surrounded. This final paragraph of Kafkas story reveals the human nature of Gregor. Thematic synthesis will be used to synthesise this literature, and study quality will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. First of all, restate your thesis statement in a new way. The aim is to extract all data in which experiences of loneliness are described. So Lennie is always feeling out of place and which is making him have that feeling of loneliness: "If I was alone I could live so easy.I got you! 2015;12(10):e1001895. It was a real city not far from modern Canakkale (Turkey) at the mouth of the Dardanelles. J Psychol. Consequently, the theme of alienation and comradeship found reflection in the works of Ernest Hemingway, Erich Maria Remarque, Norman Mailer, and Rebecca West, among others. As the findings are specific to experiences in this population, they may not reflect those of wider age groups or individuals who do not have depression. These findings will be displayed in a Summary of Qualitative Findings table including a summary of each finding, confidence in that finding, and an explanation for the rating. Now, lets examine isolation as a literary theme. How does Steinbeck explore the theme of loneliness? Achilles killed his eldest son, Hector, who Custom-Writing.org blog is a go-to place for any student, and it doesnt matter if its their first or last year of studying. Carroll C, Booth A, Lloyd-Jones M. Should we exclude inadequately reported studies from qualitative systematic reviews? A theme is an idea that runs throughout a text. Lachal J, Revah-Levy A, Orri M, Moro MR. Metasynthesis: an original method to synthesize qualitative literature in psychiatry. The theme statement . So, when you are writing your thematic statement, always read other writers' statements. Loneliness in pregnant and postpartum people and parents of children aged 5years or younger: a scoping review protocol. Steinbeck shows how this feeling makes people mean, reckless, and cold. Sources of grey literature will also be searched. BMC Med Res Methodol. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. The novel contains many references to emotional and physical alienation. The decision to exclude articles which do not primarily or equally focus on these experiences was made in order to gather meaningful data about loneliness experiences specifically and to capture experiences identified as loneliness by participants as much as possible, rather than related phenomena which may be grouped and labelled retrospectively as loneliness by researchers. Experiences of loneliness: a study protocol for a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness, https://sites.google.com/view/pearl-harvesting-search/ph-synonym-rings/structure-or-study-design/qualitative-research, https://wiki.joannabriggs.org/display/MANUAL/2.4+The+JBI+Approach+to+qualitative+synthesis, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. In literary works dedicated to emotional isolation, authors often use physical artifacts as symbols. thematic statement. Escaping into my books often helps me put my worries on hold. Its not surprising, considering that the 20th century witnessed fundamental changes in peoples lifestyle. This systematic review and thematic synthesis will clarify how loneliness is subjectively experienced across the lifespan in the general population. As well as its successful application in similar systematic reviews, thematic synthesis was selected based on its appropriateness to the research question, time frame, resources, expertise, purpose, and potential type of data in line with the RETREAT framework for selecting an approach to qualitative evidence synthesis [40]. Institute JB. Loneliness. Correspondence to Firstly, the main review author (PMP) will perform the database search and hand-searching and will screen all titles to remove studies which are clearly not relevant. PubMed Springer Nature. This inductive synthesis of the available subjective descriptions of loneliness will offer a nuanced view of loneliness experiences. Loneliness research is often weighted towards investigations of older adults, despite the fact that the prevalence of loneliness is high across the lifespan; recent UK research found a prevalence of 40% in 16- to 24-year-olds and 27% in people over 75 [7]. A literary work can reveal a person's thoughts on many issues. To learn more about it, feel free to read our article on themes in The Metamorphosis. It often results from a characters self-search in a hostile society with alien ideas and values. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Article This will allow a transparent, systematic appraisal of confidence in the findings for researchers, clinicians, and other decision-makers who may utilise the evidence from the planned systematic review. Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin's suite of essay help services. PubMed On the most obvious level, we see this isolation when the ranch hands go into town on Saturday night to ease their loneliness with alcohol and women. Next, a new stage of analytical theme development is undertaken wherein the reviewer goes beyond the interpretations of the primary studies and develops higher-order constructs or explanations based on these descriptive themes [30]. The proposed systematic review will be reported in accordance with the reporting guidance provided in the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement [22]. The authors would also like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Ciara Keenan, a research fellow at Queens University Belfast and associate director of Cochrane Ireland, for her completion of the PRESS checklist and guidance regarding the search strategy and systematic review methodology. It takes place in Soledad, California during the era termed the Great Depression. 2nd ed. PubMed Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 addresses complex themes of censorship, freedom, and technology. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Greeks wiped it away at the end of the Trojan War. Perlman D, Peplau LA. PMP is the study guarantor. I, who had ever been surrounded by amiable companions, continually engaged in endeavouring to bestow mutual pleasureI was now alone. Although this study offered impressive scale, the vast majority of participants were between 19 and 45years old, and as a result, the model may underestimate factors experienced across the lifespan. Cookies policy. As a result, he feels profound loneliness. The last King of Troy was a wise ruler who extended control over Hellespont (ancient name for The Dardanelles). Google Scholar. 2018;99:4152. Steinbeck reinforces the theme of loneliness in subtle and not so subtle ways. Symbols of Death in Literature: Examples & Meanings. Loneliness is a major theme in Of Mice and Men, so the topic itself is fine for a thesis, but remember a thesis is supposed to make a claim or argument, so consider carefully what you want to. Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. Accordingly, this approach will be used in the present research. 2010;25(2):45363. The most alienated characters in the book are Candy, Crooks, and Curleys wife. When the novella begins, George and Lennie are sitting by the side of the road, and Lennie is petting a dead mouse (he loves to feel soft materials). The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual [41] also notes that thematic synthesis is useful when considering shared elements across studies which are otherwise heterogenous, which is likely to be the case in this review given that the common factor (experiences of loneliness) may be present across studies with otherwise diverse populations and methodologies. to study experiences of loneliness) or if loneliness experiences are clearly explored and described (e.g. Cite this article. The book symbolizes the end of any war when sorrow replaces anger. Furthermore, given the relatively small number of qualitative studies into the experience of loneliness compared with quantitative research in this area, this review will also consider the reasons that study authors may offer for the relative shortage of qualitative work. The exclusion from the rest of the community pushed him into becoming a hideous and cruel beast with a hard heart and thirst to kill humans. No one wants to be lonely, but when someone is, they can become desperate for any sort of human contact. discuss isolation and loneliness in literary works; If someone decides to be alone and enjoys this state of solitude, its, Cross-national comparisons of peoples experience of, Impact of social isolation on young peoples. Power of silence. As such, this systematic review will offer specific insights into lifespan experiences of loneliness. Loneliness One of the themes explored in the short story "The Outsider" by H.P. Soilemezi D, Linceviciute S. Synthesizing qualitative research: reflections and lessons learnt by two new reviewers. Google Scholar. Sensitivity analysis will also be used to assess whether any age group is entirely responsible for a given theme. The. J Clin Epidemiol. Read Thematic Statements of Other Writers. 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