He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Google Scholar. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Peterson DR. In: Nichter M, editor. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. and transmitted securely. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. PubMed Part of Soc Sci Med. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Altern Ther Health Med. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Most of the participants were married. Tap here to review the details. Promot Educ Suppl. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Accessibility A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. By using this website, you agree to our (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. For example, the qallicha Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. TWIO. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. This . The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Nurse Educ Today. Mesfin H. Kahissay. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Download Free PDF The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. First Statement of Germ Theory. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Waddel A, Petersen AR. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Bookshelf Correspondence to For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. New York: Wiley; 1978. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. 1). 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. PubMed Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Terms and Conditions, Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 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