Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. An Lushan, Wade-Giles romanization An Lu-shan, original surname Kang, imperial name Xiongwu, (born 703, Yingzhou [now Chaoyang, Liaoning province], In the interim years, the Mongols, under the leadership of gedei Khan, invaded Eastern Europe, defeating Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Serbia, in addition to solidifying control over the Middle East after the sack of Baghdad in 1258. WebKey Points. 2. [40], When Yan forces captured Tong Pass, Emperor Xuanzong and Yang, in panic, abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Shu Commandery (, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). The imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly-formed Yan dynasty. According to Wikipedia the census put the population of China at ~53 million before the revolt and ~17 million after the revolt. They were demolished, and the road to the capital now lay open. An Lushan Rebellion (Death Toll Estimate: 36 Million) 11. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. [35], Later that year, when Emperor Xuanzong, seeing that both An Lushan and An Sishun (who by this point was the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia)) had poor relations with Geshu Han, the military governor of Hexi (, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longxi (, headquartered in modern Haidong prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, and wanted to improve relations between these three key border troop commanders, he summoned all three to the capital and had the powerful eunuch Gao Lishi host a feast for the three of them, trying to get them to resolve their unpleasantries. He paid frequent visits to the capital and became a personal favorite of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved Consort, Yang Guifei. In 755,[12] An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation,[13] instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan. The In 754, the recorded Chinese population stood at over 52 Zhang took him in and treated him like a son. Following many years of political turmoil in Eurasia, all seemed to calm down with the rise and expansion of the Tang Dynasty in China. After reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of the crown prince, who was proclaimed Suzong. An himself was almost killed, and, after retreating, blamed the defeat on Ge Jie () and Yu Chengxian (), executing them. WebThe Taiping Rebellion was a major civil war in China during the mid 19th century. An agreed, and subsequently, with further corroboration from Li Linfu's son-in-law Yang Qixuan (), Li Linfu was posthumously dishonored, and his family members were exiled. Capturing Nanjing on March 19, 1853, Hong declared the city the Heavenly Capital of his new domain. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. FOR SALE! The death toll affected the Tang This period of intense instability opened the way for the Tang to regroup and form a united opposition to the rebellion. With his victory, An Lushan proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Yan Dynasty. This is an idea that has been pushed by Stephen Pinker, who is not an academic historian, and when writing on history has used either non-peer reviewed sources like websites, or has misinterpreted academic histories. Roberts. The power of the jiedushi, or provincial military governors, increased greatly after imperial troops crushed the rebels, taking administrative power away from the scholar-officials. In 751, Xuanzong had a magnificent mansion built for An in Chang'an, sparing no expense, using jade, gold, and silver in many different places. All Rights Reserved. An Lushan next set out to take the Tang capital and the rest of southern China before the Tang forces could recover. Some Tang officials north of the Yellow River resisted An Lushan under the leadership of Yan Zhenqing, the governor of Pingyuan Commandery (, roughly modern Dezhou, Shandong). World War II, the largest and deadliest war in human history, was a global total war between 1939 and 1945, involving more than 30 countries and 100 million participants. [15] His father died early, and his mother Lady Ashide married a Turkic general An Yanyan (), who was a brother of the general An Bozhi (). Thanks. WebThe death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533, Luis Montero (c. 1867). Initial stage In the spring of 755, matters were beginning to Feng joined forces with Gao and urged a retreat to Tong Pass; Gao agreed, and they took up defensive positions there, and An did not proceed quickly, but remained at Luoyang, planning to declare himself emperor there. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China. Wars of Alexander the Great. The family name An implied that he was from the city of Bukhara in Sogdiana, and Rokhan in the Sogdian language meant "light." An Lushan's mother was a Gktrk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. 343 BC290 BC. An Lushan (Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn; 20th day of the 1st month[4] 19 February 703[2] 29 January 757[3]) was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion. The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. Wikimedia Commons. An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed. Beginning with the deterioration and eventual collapse of the Han dynasty, and concluding with the ascendance of the Jin, each rival faction claimed dominion over the others as the sole legitimate emperor. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 different countries, the second most This allowed An Lushan to amass significant military power in northeast China. Returning to complete the conquest of China, the Jin dynasty would be ended in 1234, followed by the Song in 1279 whereupon Kublai Khan proclaimed himself the Yuan Emperor. In 757, An Lushan was murdered by his own son. Zhang, seeing that he had a large body and impressed by his plea, released him and had him serve as a police officer, along with Shi, and both of them were said to be capable at catching criminals. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. Shi Siming was killed in turn by his own son, Shi Chaoyi. WebChina (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnggu), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC; Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnghu Rnmn Gnghgu), is a country in East Asia. In the fall of 755, An Lushan, using the northern provinces of Heibei and Henan as his base, led an army of about 150,000 soldiers from Peking (Beijing) to capture the eastern capital city of Loyang (Luoyang). Also surrendering to Yan forces were the former chancellor Chen Xilie and the key officials Zhang Jun () and Zhang Ji (), and An made Chen and Zhang Ji chancellors as well. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The beginning of the An Shi Rebellion in 756 marked the watershed of Tang power. An Lushan rebellion in 8th century China is one of the bloodiest conflicts in history. Knowing that he was out of favor, and fearing that An Lushan was planning to kill him, An Qingxu, along with He, Yan, and Li Zhu'er, decided to assassinate An Lushan. Sensing the emperors weakness, northern province warlord An Lushan mounted a rebellion and occupied the capital in 755 A.D., forcing Xuanzong to flee. Try to overthrow the Tang dynasty and install his own. It may not display this or other websites correctly. A series of natural disasters, including drought, severe storms and floods, which caused terrible suffering among the Chinese people, were perceived as signs that Heaven was displeased with the conduct of the Emperor. He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life. WebAn Lushan Rebellion, Rebellion beginning in 755 in China led by An Lushan (703757), a general of non-Chinese origin. An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. Referensi [ sunting | sunting Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com. [29] His name has also been transcribed as lushn ()[14] or Ylushn (),[15][16][17] and he was posthumously named Prince La of Yan () by his deputy Shi Siming. According to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan[14] or Yaluoshan,[15][16] the latter stated by Jiu Tangshu to mean "war" in Old Turkic. The imperial officials were all apprehensive, because An had the strongest troops of the realm at the time, except for Yang, who believed that An could be suppressed easily. In 756, he took the capital of Changan and forced the Emperor to flee. Wikimedia Commons. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace The Ming-Qing transition, also known as the Manchu conquest of China, was a sustained period of conflict between the Qing dynasty of Northeastern China and the Ming dynasty of Southern China. The two teams divided again into vast forces, and called themselves the Allies and the Axis. The Revolt of An Lushan. Serving with him was Shi Sugan (later named Shi Siming), who was one day older than he was and who became a good friend of his. WebGREAT TANG POETS: DU FU (721-770)China during Du Fu's Time:The An Lushan Rebellion. By 763, Tang forces had allied with Turkic troops and ended the rebellion. The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors, starting during the reign of Xuanzong and ending during the reign of Daizong. The An Shi Rebellion is regarded by most Chinese historians as the turning point in the Tang Dynasty's fortunes. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. "Ah Lushan Dengzahu De Neiya Wenhua Beijing" ("The Cultural Background on An Lushan, etc in Inner Asia With the Discussion on the Inner Asia-ized of Sute or Sogdian"). The Tang dynasty was severely weakened in 755 by the An Lushan Rebellion, which swept China into a seven year long civil war, and ultimately resulted in a collapse of border defences. In 732, when the general Zhang Shougui () was governing You Prefecture (, roughly modern Beijing), it was discovered that An Lushan had stolen sheep. His sheer weight once crushed to death a horse[43] and he needed three servants to help him to put on and take off his clothes when he visited Huaqing Pool. Encompassing the creation and first use of atomic weapons, the mass industrial extermination of humans during the Holocaust, in addition to combat fatalities and widespread starvation, the Second World War is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50,000,000 to 85,000,000. In total, across more than a century of warfare the Mongols are believed to have been directly responsible for the deaths of 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 people, in addition to displacing hundreds of millions and indirectly causing the calamitous Black Plague in Europe. On June 1, 1864, Hong died and Nanjing fell in his absence on July 19. WebIts death toll is estimated to be between 5% and one-sixth of the world's total population at the time. Morton, W. Scott, and Charlton M. Lewis. Wikimedia Commons. (Xuanzong recognized Li Heng's actions and subsequently took the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor).) WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a 7-year rebellion against Tang rule in China launched by the Turkic general An Lushan, who founded the Great Yan dynasty in northern China. Zhong, Han. [11] He rose to military prominence by defending the northeastern Tang frontier from the Khitans and other threats. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. Note that this is an estimate made by western observers. Seeing the imminent threat to Changan, Xuanzong fled to Sichuan with his household. The Revolt of An Lushan. The war had few set battles, but this did not stop the Dungan Revolt from becoming one of historys most genocidal conflicts. By 1877, in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, two million Hui Muslims were dead while roughly six million Han had also been killed. These deaths represented almost 50 percent of the entire population of the three provinces. He approached Luoyang, where he encountered an ill-prepared army commanded by Feng, defeating Feng quickly and forcing Feng to flee and concede Luoyang to him. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. [15][16], By 736, An Lushan carried a general title and was serving under Zhang Shougui as an officer of the Pinglu Army (, based in modern Chaoyang). WebTIANLI ZU CHINESE AUSTRALIA WATERCOLOR BEIJING Year of Dog ORIGINAL - $2,720.60. [44][45], The next morning, Yan announced to the Yan officials that An Lushan was seriously ill, and that he had appointed An Qingxu crown prince. The Portal for Public History. The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. Highly unpopular among the peasantry, with the Seven Grievances listed against the Ming Emperor, in 1618 the Manchu chieftain Nurhaci began an armed rebellion. When Zhang returned to Chang'an and praised An, Emperor Xuanzong promoted An to be the commandant at Ying Prefecture and the commander of Pinglu Army, to defend against the Khitan, the Xi, Balhae, and the Heishui Mohe. Spanning multiple theaters of war, including Western and Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, the Second World War saw France occupied by Germany in 1940, Japan attack the United States in 1941, and Russia betrayed by Germany only to rally and ultimately capture Berlin in 1945. Submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here. He subsequently had Shi defend against the Khitan counterattack, and Shi was able to repel the Khitan. Weban lushan rebellion death toll percentage; an lushan rebellion death toll percentage. Pemberontakan ini terjadi dari 16 Desember 755 hingga 17 Februari 763, dan jumlah kematian mencapai 36 juta, menjadikannya jumlah kematian akibat perang terbesar hingga Perang Dunia II . TIL that, in terms of global population, the deadliest conflict of all time was the The Battle of Yehuling between the Mongols and the Jin dynasty, by Sayf al-Vhid (c. 1430). Few historical events have caused as much death and destruction as the World Wars. In history, China still remains as one of the politically unstable countries during the early centuries. [citation needed], Emperor Xuanzong initially agreed, but after the edict was drafted, Xuanzong tabled it and instead sent the eunuch Fu Qiulin () to send fresh fruits to An and to observe himupon which An was alleged to bribe Fu into submitting a favorable report. JavaScript is disabled. [36], In winter 755, An launched his rebellion on 16 December,[38] claiming he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xuanzong to advance on Chang'an to remove Yang. Dec 13, 2015. WebA devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China that began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan dynasty, and ended when the Yan fell on February 17, 763. jiedushi We thank you for your interest in this question, and your patience in waiting for an in-depth and comprehensive answer to be written, which takes time. Estimating casualties is difficult; some place the death toll as high as 36 million, On one occasion, three days after his birthday, he was taken into the womens quarters of the palace dressed as a baby, and put through a mock adoption ceremony by Yang. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represented one of the greatest periods of Chinese history. He distinguished himself in the border wars of the northwestern frontier, particularly the Khitan invasion of 751-752, and rose through the ranks to become a general by the age of 33. Traditionally dated as beginning on September 1, 1939, following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the subsequent declarations of war by the United Kingdom and France in retaliation, the war rapidly expanded to engulf the majority of the world. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. The time of the Three Kingdoms is widely regarded as one of, if not the, bloodiest in Chinese history. Came for this. Yang Guozhong, instead, entered into an alliance with Geshu against An. Subsequently, An induced Geshu to write letters to several Tang generals, urging them to surrender, but they all refused. (This order was against the advice of Geshu, Guo, and Li Guangbi that the proper strategy was to secure Tong Pass and let Guo and Li Guangbi capture the Yan territory to the north.) Atlantic Slave Trade (Death Toll Estimate: 15 Million) 13. In all, the war-related deaths numbered around 7-12 million people. 1978. The rebellion overtly began on 16 December 755, when general An The, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Lushan&oldid=1129876077, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, officer of the Pinglu Army , translator. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. In mid-reign, he fell in love Yang Guifei, the wife of his eighteenth son, and she then became his favorite consort. Istilah Pemberontakan An Lushan juga digunakan. Here are our sources: The Punic Wars, Nigel Bagnall, St. Martins Press, 2005, A Companion to the Punic Wars, B.D. He escaped from the city and joined the Tang army as a mercenary. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. The Conquest of Mexico by Corts; author unknown (c. late 17th century). Also Chinese land was fertile and worth fighting over. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. Which is 36 million deaths but I can't find a figure for global population of Earth at the time. [36], On Lunar New Year's day, 756 (5 February[1]), An Lushan declared himself Emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new state of Yan, making Zhang Tongru and the surrendered Tang official Daxi Xun () his chancellors. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. There were many occasions when a major change could have happened but was diverted by chance. A rare example I could find was a direct question on that subject in an episode on the rebellion by BBC's In Our Time. Ordering a preemptive strike against his hosts, the Spanish massacred the Aztec inhabitants of the holy city; estimates of those killed by the Spanish range from 3,000 to 30,000. [19][22], On his side, Matsui Hitoshi, noting that nothing in the historical records provides hard evidence of Sogdian origin and that An Lushan was living at Yingzhou, a settlement of Kumo Xi and Khitan people, suggests that "Perhaps [An Lushan's father] might have been of Khitan origin. [15][16], Sources conflict about An Lushan's biological father's origin and surname; for example, as to whether An Lushan's father had the surname Kang or not:[17] he took the name of An from his stepfather An Yanyan. An Lushan Rebellion. An, caught by surprise of the Emperor's retreat, had Cui advance slowly into Chang'an, even though the Tang mayor of Chang'an, Cui Guangyuan (), offered to surrender. In 741, when the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Lizhen () was sent to survey the Hebei (, i.e., the region north of the Yellow River) and visited Pinglu Army, An ingratiated himself with Zhang, so much so that he even bribed Zhang's servants. A reason this "fact" unfortunately survives is that it seems to be so bad that actual historians have not devoted much effort to refute it. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. An Lushan had a highly-trusted Khitan eunuch named Li Zhu'er (). He responded, "Other than a faithful heart, there is nothing else." Jump The toll of dead and missing, including those who died by suppression and famine, is estimated at up to thirty-six million,[3] or two-thirds of the total population on the tax rolls at that time. The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. Zhang then sent him to the capital, Chang'an; by not executing An himself, Zhang was hoping that Emperor Xuanzong would pardon An. Wikipedia 10 Russian Civil War WebAn Lushan (; c. 703 757) was a SogdianGktrk jiedushi of the Tang dynasty who unleashed a devastating civil war during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. General and rebel leader in Tang China; first emperor of Yan (r. 756757), Pondering Emperor Xuanzong's death & Northward campaign, Death of Li Linfu and rivalry with Yang Guozhong. Rebellion death toll percentage ; An Lushan Rebellion 1867 ). bloodiest in Chinese history at over 52 Zhang him. Widely regarded as one of, if not the, bloodiest in Chinese history declared city. Happened but was diverted by chance was fertile and worth fighting over technologies provide... 1864, Hong died and Nanjing fell in love Yang Guifei people, making it one of deadliest. Northeastern Tang frontier from the city the Heavenly capital of his eighteenth son, Chaoyi! 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